Positive Feedbacks in the Economy

Positive Feedbacks in the Economy another financial hypothesis explains components whereby little possibility occasions right off the bat throughout the entire existence of an industry or innovation can tilt the serious parity by W. Brian Arthur onventional monetary hypothesis is based on the presumption of lessening renrrns. Financial activities induce a negative criticism that prompts an anticipated harmony at costs and pieces of the pie. Such input will in general settle the economy on the grounds that any significant changes will be balanced by the very responses they create. The high oil costs of the 1970's ncouraged vitality preservation and expanded oil investigation, precipitat-ing an anticipated drop in costs by the mid 1980's. As indicated by ordinary hypothesis the balance denotes the ‘best† result conceivable under the cir-locals will be the â€Å"best† one. Besides, when arbitrary financial occasions select a specific way the decision may become secure d paying little mind to the upsides of the other options. On the off chance that one item or nationin a serious [emailâ protected] excels by â€Å"chance,† it will in general remain ahead and even increment its lead. hedictable, shared markets are done guaranteed.During the previous not many years I and other monetary scholars at Stanford University, the Santa Fe Insurute in New Mexico and somewhere else have been building up a perspective on the economy based Such a market is at first temperamental. The two frameworks were presented at about a similar time thus started with generally equivalent pieces of the overall industry; those offers vacillated right off the bat on account of outer situation, â€Å"luclC' and corporate moving. Expanding returns on early gains in the long run leaned the opposition toward VHS: it collected enough of a bit of leeway to take vhrually the whole VCR market.Yet it would have been incomprehensible at the beginning of the opposition to state w hich framework would win, which of the two potential equilibria would be se-Such a pleasing picture frequently on positive input. Expanding returns financial matters has roots that return 70 years or more, however its application to the economy all in all is does savagery to the real world. In numerous parts to a great extent new. The hypothesis has solid lected. Moreover, in the event that the case that Beta was in fact prevalent is valid, at that point the market's decision didn't speak to the best monetary result. Ordinary financial hypothesis of-balancing out powers arallels with current nonlinear material science (rather than the pre-ZOth-century physical models that underlie regular financial aspects), it requires new and testing scientific methods between two advancements or items playing out a similar capacity. A model is the opposition among water and coal to create power. As cumstances: the most productive use and assignment of assets. of the economy, show up not to work. Rather positive input amplifies the impacts of little financial movements; the monetary models that depict such impacts vary immensely from the ordinary ones.Diminishing returns infer a solitary balance point for the economy, however positive criticism expanding returns-makes for some, conceivable balance focuses. There is no assurance that the specific monetary result chose from among the numerous alterW. BRIANARTHUR is Morrison hofes-sor of Population Studies and Economics at Stanford University. He acquired his Ph. D. from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1973 and holds graduate degtees in activities examination, financial matters and arithmetic. Up to this point Arthur was on leave at the Santa Fe Institute, an exploration insdrute committed o the srudy of complex frameworks. There he coordinated a group of market analysts, physicists, researcher and others examining conduct of the economy as an advancing, complex framework. what's more, it shows up lTth† history of the videocassette I recorder outfits a straightforward exI abundant of positive feedbaik. the vcR advertise began with two contending groups selling at about a similar value: VIIS and Beta. Ehch organization could understand expanding rerurns as its piece of the pie expanded: enormous quantities of VHS recorders would urge video outlets to stock progressively prerecorded tapes in VHS position, along these lines upgrading the benefit of possessing a WIS ecorder and driving more individuals to get one. (The equivalent would, obviously, be valid for Beta-design players. ) Ir along these lines, a little addition in piece of the pie would improve the serious situation of one framework and assist it with encouraging increment its lead. 92 Scrrmrrc AMERTcAN to be the appropri-ate hypothesis for understanding present day high-innovation economies. February 1990 fers an alternate perspective on rivalry hydroelectric plants take a greater amount of the market, engineers must adventure all the more expensive dam destinations, accordingly expanding the opportunity that a coal-terminated plant will be less expensive. As coal plants take more f the market, they offer up the cost of coal (or trigger the burden of exorbitant contamination controls) thus influence the equalization toward hydropower. The two advances wind up sharing the market in an anticipated extent that best e>'qploits the possibilities of each, as opposed to what befell the two video-recorder frameworks. The development of the VCR market would not have amazed the incomparable Victorian financial specialist Alfred Marshall, one of the authors of the present ordinary financial aspects. In his 1890 Pr'nciples of Economics, he noticed that if firms' creation costs fall as their arket shares increment, a firm that just by favorable luck increased a high extent of the market right off the bat would have the option to best its adversaries; ‘uhatever firm initially gets a decent start† would corn er the market. Marshall didn't catch up this observatior nonetheless, and hypothetical financial aspects has as of not long ago to a great extent disregarded it. Marshall didn't accept that expanding returns applied all over the place; horticulture and mining-the backbones of the economies of his timewere subject to unavoidable losses brought about by constrained measures of ripe land or great mineral deposits.Manufacturing, then again, eqioyed expanding returns since enormous plants permitted improved association Modern market analysts don't consider economies to be scale as a solid wellspring of expanding returns. Some of the time huge plants have demonstrated progressively efficient; frequently they have not. would refresh Marshall's knowledge by seeing that the pieces of the economy that are asset based (agficulI ture, mass merchandise creation, mining) are still generally liable to unavoidable losses. Here ordinary financial aspects appropriately holds sway.The parts of the eco nomy that are information based, then again, are to a great extent subject to expanding retums. Items, for example, PCs, pharmaceuticals, rockets, airplane, cars, programming, media communications gear or fiber optics are convoluted to plan and to fabricate. They require huge beginning interests in examination, advancement and tooling, however once deals start, gradual creation is generally modest. Another airframe or airplane motor, for instance, commonly costs somewhere in the range of $2 and $3 billion to configuration, create, confirm and put into production.Each duplicate from there on costs maybe $50 to $100 million. As more units are manufactured, unit costs proceed to fall and benefits increment. Expanded creation brings extra advantages: delivering more units implies increasing more involvement with the uct in order to have the option to trade data with those utilizing it as of now. fabricating process and accomplishing more prominent comprehension of how to create extra un its much more systems that didn't include innovation. Universal financial experts abstained from expanding returns for more profound reasons. economically. Also, er

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 26

Task Example The 96 hours of introduction shows the greatest time of presentation that may result into practical outcomes. Intense harmfulness may not make a difference to indigenous habitats subsequently constraining the aftereffects of studies including them. The burdens with these likewise includes the dependence on cause and influence angles in inquire about and in conclusion the impact of the particular idea of the investigation that limit they results. The handiness of intense poisonousness is in the scientific idea of the examinations and the outcomes gave (Acute and Chronic Toxicity Testing, n.d). The greatest degrees of focuses set by the controllers are regularly lower to decrease the impacts that the synthetic compounds may have on the experimenters. Through these, the edges of presentation conclusions become conceivable since the NOEL levels give the premise to different estimations to give important data and the fixations become simpler to decipher (Reference portion RFD, 2012). At the end of the day, NOEL sets the reference portion for utilization in all tests that goes about as base. Regular endocrines offer a hormonal help to the body frameworks. Endocrines assume a job in building associations with organs entrusted to heft hormones around the body and spot them into the circulation system for motivations behind hormonal reactions and backing. Organs and hormones have the job of controlling development, improvement and development viewpoints among other body guidelines. There exist normal endocrines and counterfeit endocrines. The regular endocrines exist normally in the body and develop on account of characteristic procedures while the counterfeit endocrines are acquainted into the body with assume a similar job as common endocrines. Among the numerous organs that produce, hormones in the body incorporate pituitary organs, thyroid organs, thymus, pancreases, and ovaries among others. There exist numerous endocrine frameworks in creatures serving a

Effects of Climatic Elements on Livestock Production Essay Example for Free

Impacts of Climatic Elements on Livestock Production Essay Presentation Climatic components have direct impact on the arrangement of creature creation, body physiology and creature conduct, feed gracefully and quality, multiplication of bugs and parasites just as conservation of creature items (Samson et al., 2011) various climatic components, for example, temperature, precipitation, moistness, brilliant vitality, air development, light, height and so on significantly impact and collaborate with the presentation of animals creation. Correspondingly, they likewise cause significant impacts on creature physiology, conduct and efficiency through their individual or separate impacts in any case, more frequently, by their mixes with other ecological variables. The impact of atmosphere on creature creation (counting creature body capacities, practices and profitable capacities) might be immediate or circuitous. In any case, frameworks of creature farming or the executives are likewise influenced. Direct impact of atmosphere on creature creation and cultivation has to do with such effect on the creature itself, while circuitous impact is on the animal’s condition each of these will be inspected intently. TEMPERATURE The superseding natural factor influencing the physiological elements of local creatures is temperature. Temperature is estimated utilizing the instrument called thermometer, which are of different sorts. Every single household creature are homeotherms or warm blooded. As it were, they keep up their internal heat level inside a range generally reasonable for ideal organic movement. The internal heat level range is moderately consistent and is higher than the natural temperature. The surrounding temperature then again shifts with changes in the climatic components at a specific time. The creature internal heat level ranges inside specific cutoff points characterized as the ‘Comfort Zone’ is a temperature run inside which no requests are made on the temperature managing system (Samson et al., 2011). In this range the creatures heat trade can be managed exclusively by physical methods, for example, narrowing and enlargement of veins in the skin, raising a ruckus guideline o f the dissipation from lungs and skin. For a run of the mill tropical variety of steers, the ‘comfort zone’ territory from 100 C to 270 C while a tropical calm dairy cattle has between - 10 C and 160 C (FAO, 1986). In the event that there is a change in surrounding temperature past either the upper or lower limit, physical guideline won't be adequate to keep up a steady internal heat level and the creature must, also, decline or increment its metabolic warmth creation. The body instrument for controlling creature internal heat level is activated to activity to empower the body remains or come back to typical (Samson et al., 2011). Be that as it may, a further lessening or increment in temperature will in the end carry the temperature to a point past which not so much as an adjustment in heat creation will be adequate to keep up homeothermy, subsequently, thermo-controlling instrument may start to fall flat, bringing about at least one of the accompanying as clarified by Samson et al., 2011: i.Abrupt ascend in rectal temperature. ii. Decay feed admission for example loss of craving. iii. Increment in water consumption. iv. Abatement in beneficial procedure, for example, development and milk/egg creation v. Misfortune in body weight for example gauntness. vi.Change in structure of milk created. This somewhat clarifies the decay of exceptionally beneficial steers imported from calm territory to the tropics. Notwithstanding, youthful creature, lacking completely created temperature-controlling instruments, especially the capacity to build heat creation by expanded digestion, is substantially more touchy to its warm condition and requires higher temperatures. Other social and physiological reactions of creature to exorbitant high temperature or warmth load include: i.Sweating ii.Panting iii.Wallowing in mud or pool of water as in pigs. iv.Reduction in physical exercise and mating exercises. Warmth Regulation As referenced before that all residential domesticated animals are homeotherms; that is, they keep up generally steady inside internal heat levels, as a rule inside a 1 to 2â ° C extend. Typical internal heat levels of some residential creatures are given in Table 1. Table 1: Normal Body Temperatures of Domestic Animals (FAO, 1986). Creatures Temperatures Normal Range Dairy Cow 38.6 38.0 39.3 Meat Cow 38.3 36.7 39.1 Pig 39.2 38.7-39.8 Sheep 39.1 38.3 39.9 Goat 38.7 40.7 Pony 37.9 37.2-38.2 Chickens 41.7 40.6 43.0 The internal heat level of most household creatures is significantly higher than the ecological temperature to which they are uncovered more often than not. They keep up their internal heat levels by adjusting inner warmth creation and warmth misfortune to nature. The hypothalmus organ goes about as a body indoor regulator by invigorating components to neutralize either high or low surrounding temperatures (FAO, 1986). For instance, expanded change of feed to-warm vitality is utilized to neutralize low surrounding temperatures, while for instance expanded breath (rate and volume) and blood flow in the skin checks high encompassing temperatures. Fluctuating temperature additionally brings about changed conduct . Most creatures lessen their degree of movement in a hot situation and, for instance, pigs lie bunched in a store at low temperatures, while they lie spread out with broadened appendages at high temperatures (FAO, 1986). This would recommend expanded space prerequisite for pigs held in a warm, tropical atmosphere. The body can endure brief times of warmth stress, yet on the off chance that the encompassing temperature surpasses the internal heat level for an all-inclusive period, it might demonstrate lethal. At the point when feed is changed over by the creatures digestion for the creation of milk, eggs, meat, off-spring and so on., heat is delivered as a side-effect. An expanded creation level and along these lines feed prerequisite will consequently bring about expanded inward warmth creation. High yielding creatures are therefore bound to experience the ill effects of warmth worry in a hot atmosphere than are low y ielding ones. Taking care of fiber-rich, low absorbable feed stuffs like roughage will bring about high warmth creation due to expanded strong action in the nutritious tract and, in ruminants, expanded miniaturized scale life form action in the rumen. An expanded portion of amasses in the feed may along these lines diminish heat worry in a creature under hot climatic conditions (FAO, 1986). Impacts of Temperature on Animal Activities A lot of creature exercises are influenced by surrounding temperature going from brushing exercises and taking care of conduct, development and gainful execution, milk yield and piece, multiplication and so forth. These impacts are clarified underneath: (a)The Effect of High Ambient Temperature Feeding Behavior in Animals: Studies have demonstrated that length of day time brushing is identified with the surrounding temperature, and decrease in heat load improves touching conduct. Herders in semi-bone-dry and bone-dry territory have received the demonstration of brushing around evening time to improve both admission and length of touching in sweltering seasons. In any case, on account of monogastric creatures, for example, oven fowls, they are regularly taken care of in the night and when to be taken care of during the day, their feeds are sprinkled with beads of water as methods for easing heat burden to improve feed admission and by and large creation (Da Silva, 2007). It ought to be noticed that taking care of fiber-rich, low edible feed stuffs like feed will bring about high warmth creation in view of expanded solid movement in the nutritious tract and, in ruminants, expanded smaller scale life form action in the rumen (FAO, 1986). An expanded portion of moves in the feed may thusly decrease heat worry in a creature under hot climatic conditions. Conversely, when the surrounding temperature is low, the creature will expand change of feed to-warm vitality is utilized to balance low encompassing temperatures, henceforth coming about to increment in feed admission (FAO, 1986). (b)Effect of Temperature on Growth and other Productive Performance: High surrounding temperature discourage craving and decrease feed admission and touching time which may likewise lessen creation as estimated by development, milk yield and milk solids creation. Trial proof has indicated that there is an incomplete relationship with development rate when body weight is consistent. Be that as it may, under great administration conditions where taking care of and the board are satisfactory, high encompassing temperatures don't apparently influence development rates. Mild sort sheep that are presented to high air temperature frequently have a low lambing rate and bring forth little frail sheep that have a high post-natal mortality. Sheep conceived in late-spring and raised through sweltering summer are normally littler during childbirth than sheep conceived in the cool a very long time of early dry season (Da Silva, 2007). In poultry, light varieties and youthful chicks are more impervious to warm than substantial varieties and grown-up feathered creatures. High temperatures incline laying feathered creatures to unexpected decrease in egg creation. (c)Effect of Temperature on Milk Yield and Composition: Studies have shown the impact of temperature on milk yield, margarine fat and solids †not †fat. All these are discouraged by high temperature, yet for the most part by circuitous impact of temperature on changes in taking care of. As much as somewhere in the range of 44% and 55% contrasts in milk yield and spread fat creation were seen between twin yearling raised under sound tropical and temperature the board conditions (Samson et al., 2011). With expanding air temperatures hunger is discouraged, food consumption brought down, and heat creation diminished (Vercoe, J.E.). The specific system of temperature impact on milk and milk creation isn't known. Either the high temperature legitimately influences craving, in this way diminishing feed admission, efficiency and warmth creation or the need to lessen heat creation powers down hunger and thus lower feed consumption (Vercoe, J.E.). The immediate impact of temperature is additionally refreshing in an examination that characterizes ideal temperature for

Educational Research Methods Essay

1. What is the broadly useful of a human subjects audit? The universally useful of the human subjects survey board is to guarantee that the rights, interests and the government assistance of the human subjects are kept up during clinical research, and the clinical preliminaries is led in a moral way consistent with measures established.â The audit board has the authority favor, alter or even reject any human research.â During the whole procedure of the clinical research, the audit board would contemplate the way wherein the exploration is being directed, and guaranteeing that the rules are stuck to.â Several administrative specialists would guarantee that the audit board screens the examination being led on human subjects. The audit board would be supporting the exploration convention diagram and would likewise be making the educated assent form.â During the gathering of the survey board, the convention would be examined, and as needs be it would be affirmed, objected or modified.â The survey board would need to guarantee that during any clinical preliminary, the dangers to the human subjects are negligible, and certain advantages could be anticipated.â The advantages picked up from the preliminary ought to be maximal and the dangers included ought to be minimal.â It would likewise investigate other moral issues, for example, secrecy, educated assent and tricky practices (USAF, 1999 and St. Edwards University, 2006). 2. What sorts of individuals inside your association would you request to be on the audit board? Clarify your explanations behind picking every individual? The human subject research board is generally made out of at least five members.â They ought to be expertly skilled to inspect examine proposition and give assent for them on human subjects.â The individuals from the survey board ought to be expertly qualified and ought to have adequate experience in order to settle on fitting choices concerning the human subjects.â The individuals from the board ought to have a place with different foundations and ought to be recognizable of the issues that exist in the network investigate is being led in.â The individuals from the board are normally chosen for around 2 years.â Men and ladies ought to be a piece of the board, so female issues could likewise be suitably addressed.â At least one individual from the board ought to have a place with a non-logical foundation, and one part ought to have a place with a logical foundation (Monmouth, 2007 and St. Edwards University, 2006). 3. Give instances of undertakings inside your association that may require cautious audit before they are endorsed and of those that might be absolved from human examinations survey necessities. The institutional survey board (IRB) of my association would inspect any clinical research venture that requires the utilization of human subjects, and in which some measure of hazard exists.â The fundamental point of the IRB is evaluate the measure of hazard that exists and furthermore guarantee that the preliminary is being directed in a suitable way with the goal that the hazard is minimal.â Choosing the subjects ought to likewise be done in a fair way, and the IRB would contemplate this.â The IRB would likewise be analyzing the arrangement of financial and non-money related motivations to the subjects who are a piece of the clinical preliminary (HHS, 2005 and USAF, 1999). A portion of the projects where endorsement of the board isn't required incorporates assessments led by the understudy and instructors (for instructive purposes), assessment of the exploration program, promoting research, worker assessments, certain instructive tests, analytic tests, meeting or overview methodology, gathering of existing information, and so forth (The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, 2007)

Tips For Essay Writing In English

Tips For Essay Writing In EnglishThere are some very simple tips for essay writing in English. Many students want to avoid grammar and spelling errors when they write their college essays. Of course, the goal is to get a great grade and get accepted into the school. For that reason, it is important to always read the directions carefully, and keep to the guidelines of your writing instructor.I was a student who had to spend a lot of time in school learning, and then repeating what he learned, because it was not part of our learning processes. It is important to remember that taking a semester off from school does not mean you are out of school. You may still be able to continue with your studies through one of the college courses that can be taken while you are away.Semester breaks and vacations are often taken for personal reasons or to enjoy the weather. You should not feel the need to skip class work to have fun on a trip. A vacation may seem like the best way to relax, but it is definitely not necessary to gain all the knowledge you need for your academic studies.No matter what course syllabi you are studying, the important thing is to get it done. First, consider how you would answer the question, 'What do you think of this essay?' When you answer this question in English, it is important to use all the rules and guidelines for essay writing. Then, add the best points of all.To really come up with the best essay possible, choose a writer's style that is easy to understand. Use facts, observations, and suggestions to make a point. Writing essays in English is about creating the best impression possible with the material that you are studying.Lastly, be sure to beconcise. A lot of times, students will leave out important information just to save time. Just be sure to keep everything that is important to you, such as facts, descriptions, and points. As long as you get your point across in a short amount of time, you will have no problem with your essay.It tak es time to become a good writer. Some people feel that they will always be a writer when they are actually less than skilled. If you want to get better at essay writing, you will have to practice, study, and keep doing it until you get it right.To summarize, remember that the goal of the learning process is not to make mistakes. A mistake may make it easier to get a bad grade, or it may make your college application or acceptance to school harder to obtain. The important thing is to read the directions carefully, and keep to the rules of your writing professor.

The Importance of Health Literacy - Free Essay Example

This study also pointed out â€Å"the importance of health literacy as a critical dimension in devising policies and intervention programs to improve health conditions of immigrant women in Taiwan, and in other host countries. Our study also demonstrates that the health literacy framework contributes a new lens for the examination of immigrant health issues† (Tsai Lee, 2016. P 73). Interpreting services have been recognized as an important tool to provide safe and effective health care for immigrant populations (Britigan et al., 2009). Studies have provided insights into the importance of professional interpreters to promote effective communication, patient comprehension and satisfaction (Karliner et al., 2007). However, few studies have examined patients’ insights into interpreter services (Karliner et al., 2007). Health literacy issues of immigrants in non-English-speaking countries have received limited attention. Current research focuses mainly on health literacy matters of immigrant groups in native English-speaking countries, for example Canada, the US, the UK and Australia (Tsai Lee, 2016). There is a need for research to explore the specific language and communication issues experienced by immigrant populations in countries where the first language is not English (Tsai Lee, 2016). Nutbeam claims that although the widely held assumption is that health literacy is ability to understand and use health information, it is really a narrow perspective. He developed a conceptual model of health literacy that comprises three levels: â€Å"functional literacy,† â€Å"interactive literacy† and â€Å"critical literacy† (Nutbeam, 2000). The primary level, functional literacy, is present in everyday settings; at this level, individuals can successfully read and write (Nutbeam, 2000). The second level is interactive literacy, in which people acquire unconventional knowledge and skills and are able to apply both to different life conditions (Nutbeam, 2000). The third and the advanced level is the critical level. At this level, individuals can critically appraise information and have control over situations (Nutbeam, 2000). Nutbeam proposed that health literacy is a powerful tool that individuals can greatly benefit from to control their health (Nutbeam, 2008). Health Seeking Behaviour (HSB). According to Mahmood, Iqbal, and Hanfil (2009), health-seeking behavior is an action taken by patients when they feel that they need to medical treatment. Jaramillo (1998) writes that health-seeking behaviour is a â€Å"multi-dimensional concept† that goes further than biomedical concerns and include cultural, social and organizational factors. Mackian, Bedri and Lovel (2004) found that health-seeking models are critical for designing social interventions aimed at empowering individuals to adopt ‘healthy choices’. Thus, in order to plan and deliver appropriate health care services, it is necessary to understand HSB (Chauhan et al., 2015). Health Care Seeking Behavior (HCSB) refers to a â€Å"decision or an action taken by an individual to maintain, attain, or regain good health and to prevent illness† (Chauhan et al., 2015, P 118). HSB is affected by multiple factors such as age, sex, type of illness, and affordability and av ailability of services (Chauhan et al., 2015). Chauhan et al. conducted a community-based descriptive study in a rural coastal area in India to evaluate HSB in a rural population (Chauhan et al., 2015). The study found that HSB determined predominantly by people’s perceptions about the quality of health care services. The study also identified factors that drove healthcare seeking behaviour among the rural population in the coastal area. These included income, type of illness, and availability and cost of services (low-cost services were more frequently accessed) (Chauhan et al., 2015). In other studies, HSB was found to be associated with various factors, for example gender of the person seeking care, area of residence, education and the health care provider (Pillai et al., 2003). In the US, poor access to health care and a lack of information may be associated with the deterioration of health among Latino immigrants (Garcà ©s, Scarinci Harrison, 2006). Factors such as low income, low education, language barriers and fear of deportation among undocumented groups have been found to keep people from seeking health care services and information (Garcà ©s, Scarinci Harrison, 2006). Latino immigrants maintain their cultural health beliefs and practises when they arrive in the US (Garcà ©s, Scarinci Harrison, 2006). The most commonly reported health practises among immigrants from Latin America were the use of herbs, chiropractic treatments, dietary supplements and home remedies (Garcà ©s, Scarinci Harrison, 2006). The immigrant Arab population in the US also reported a significant use of alternative medicine (Lazar, 2008). However, there is limited information regarding HSB of the Arab community in North America (Lazar, 2008). In the context of this study, it appears that the HSB of Arab immigrant women is influenced by diverse factors such as cultural beliefs, the perception of diseases and whether or not they have the available disposable income to access health care. For example, as seen earlier, in communities, diseases such as cancer are seen as a form of a cultural curse (Adnan et al., 1999). If a woman contracts such a disease, it becomes difficult for her to seek care as she will likely believe only traditional charms can cure her (Adnan et al., 1999). To better understand someones HSB, it is necessary to understand the culture that he or she comes from (Rought, Duaibis Hussain, 2010). Multiculturalism Canada has a long history of welcoming immigrants from around the world. However, Challenges for new immigrants is transitioning from their previous cultural practices into the host countrys culture (Adnan et al., 1999). According to Flores (2004), health issues touch on different human experiences and the migrants from diverse foreign cultures have many different experiences. Culture plays a fundamental role in the perception of health and access to health care services (Tan Li, 2016). One of the ways in which culture can be defined is â€Å"as a group of individuals who have similar attitudes, beliefs and values, both in the group and when on their own† (Tan Li, 2016, P 112). Different background languages, social norms, religions, beliefs and health care structures were found to be barriers to accessing health services for immigrants and ethnic minorities (Tan Li, 2016). Cultural diversity is a reality and a controversial issue within health care (Tan Li, 2016). In the UK, it is becoming more challenging for the National Health Service (NHS) to provide outstanding medical services because of the growing diversity of the population (Tan Li, 2016). Many culture issues complicate healthcare, among them the religious beliefs of both practitioners and patients. For example, patient rejects treatment on a religious basis and physicians’ perceptions of end-of-life care (Tan Li, 2016). Nichols, Horner and Fyfe (2015) have showed that a lack of understanding of cultural diversity influences not only the patient-physician relationship, but also the relationship between health care professionals. They found different experiences in the workplace. Some health care practitioners reported finding respect and satisfaction, whereas others reported finding negativity and discrimination (Nichols, Horner Fyfe, 2015). Health care providers from ethnic minority groups were more likely to experience delays in their career paths (Nichols, Horner Fyfe, 2015). The study also highlighted the importance of preparing and training health care providers to be able to see patients in a holistic way and focus on both biological and psychosocial aspects (Nichols, Horner Fyfe, 2015). Multiculturalism affects patients and health care providers. For example, according to Nichols, Horner and Fyfe (2015), if there is a language barrier, or if the patient feels the physician is culturally insensitive, the patient may not continue seeking health care. Some communities consider female genital mutilation to be a â€Å"rite of passage† (Amin, 2008). It is important for health care professionals to recognize cultural diversity and that their patients may have different beliefs (Nichols, Horner Fyfe, 2015). In a critique of multiculturalism in the NHS, Culley (1996) discussed the way in which health care is constructed and delivered to people from minority ethnic groups. Culley’s paper highlighted the limitations of the cultural attitude of health professionals and the impact of racism on access to quality health care. Culley pointed out large gaps in the awareness of health providers and their approaches towards the needs of people from ethnic minorities. These health workers claimed that they did not receive any training for working in multicultural settings (Culley, 1996). Pearson (1986) also argued that knowledge on culture is the most important component for enhancing quality health care. Pearson also stated that cultural variations are not disputed. What is contested, however, is the power imbalance between ethnic groups (Pearson 1986). Fruitful communication can be hindered when one providers and patients are ignorant about each other’s differences (Culley, 1996). P earson described those difference as â€Å"deviant, alien and stubborn†. Black people, for example, are not only viewed as different, but are seen as secondary and inferior, Asian- American girls are â€Å"caught between two cultures†, and Muslim women in western societies often find themselves having to defend their choice to wear a veil (Pearson 1986). Such cultural views are deeply rooted in societies and organizations and play a key role in access to quality health care by minority populations ((Pearson 1986). There is a need for research that will evaluate the complexity of different issues surrounding multiculturalism in health care from the perspective of patients and healthcare providers (Nichols, Horner Fyfe, 2015). Patients report different health care experiences. While some patients were happy and satisfied with their care, other reported discrimination, and a lack of respect for their needs and beliefs (Nichols, Horner Fyfe, 2015). It is important to build trust and have open discussions with patients, and provide more information to ensure that the patient is viewed as a person, in a pluralistic society (Nichols, Horner Fyfe, 2015, P 113). Previous Immigrant Research on Breast Cancer (approaches and issues) Qualitative methods have been widely used in the literature to address breast cancer and screening disparities among women from minority groups. An ethnography approach has been adopted in many studies in Western countries. For example, Zhao et al. (2010) applied a focused ethnographic approach to explore Chinese-born immigrant women’s beliefs about breast cancer screening and mammography in the US. They found that these women, who are highly influenced by their community, believe that the absence of signs and symptoms indicates health, which may perpetuate low screening rates.. They suggested that a community-based culturally competent health education program may be beneficial in improving Chinese-born immigrant women’s usage of health care services. However, a major weakness in this study was that the authors didn’t differentiate between Asian-born, Asian-American, and Asian immigrants, which creates confusion about the differences in cultural beliefs between these three groups. One of the issues in cross-cultural research is a lack of knowledge about the variations among subgroups (Aziza, 2014). This ignorance may lead to misunderstanding and mistrust between the researcher and the study population (Aziza, 2014). It may also lead to inaccurate conclusions regarding the cultural beliefs of different groups (Zhao et al., 2010). Research shows that Latino women with breast cancer underuse recommended follow-up chemotherapy, which reduces their survival rates (Kreling, 2008). A focused ethnography study was conducted in the US to explore how cultural beliefs and perceptions impact decision-making processes for Latino women regarding breast cancer treatment (Kreling, 2008). The amount and quality of data that have been obtained from this study allow comprehensive understanding of Latino women’s perspectives and experiences with regard to breast cancer treatment (Kreling, 2008). The outcomes from this study are expected to accelerate social change by shedding light on cultural diversity in health decision making (Kreling, 2008). However, one of the limitations of this study is the researcher’s experience. As a breast cancer survivor, Kreling’s personal experience could have influenced her interpretation and analysis of the data. Different results might emerge if this study had been conducte d by a researcher with no history of breast cancer. On the other hand, this personal experience might be beneficial as the researcher has a unique understanding of cancer patients which could positively affect the way she conducts interviews and potentially make discussions easier. It might also be easy for her to gain the study participants’ trust (Dwyer Buckle, 2009). In addressing insider-outsider issues, Ogilvie et al.(2008) proposed that when exploring immigrant health, integrating different researchers from inside and outside can produce innovative thinking. Focus group methodology was also conducted to study Emirati women’s attitudes and beliefs about breast cancer and screening in United Arab Emirates (UAE) (Abdulbari et al., 2002). The method worked well in this setting (Abdulbari et al., 2002). The study produced in-depth descriptions and rich data regarding determinants of participation in breast cancer programs, including factors that positively influence the screening practices as well as factors that discourage participation (Abdulbari et al., 2002). A critical ethnographic approach was also used to expose the social and cultural factors that affect breast cancer screening practices of Arab Muslim women in Qatar (Hwang et al., 2015). Beliefs about health and illness, religious practises and gender relations were the main themes identified (Hwang et al., 2015). The study also showed that Arab Muslim women’s health attitudes cannot be recognized in isolation from their sociocultural context (Hwang et al., 2015). In ad dition, interventions to address poor participation in breast cancer screening services must address the context and not be narrowed to the individual (Hwang et al., 2015). Abdulbari shares a language with the study population, which was not the case in the Hwang study. This brings us to issues of language differences in conducting cross-cultural health research. Research participants are usually more comfortable, more informative and more accurate when using their native language, and sometimes researchers know little or nothing about their language (Ogilvie, Burgess-Pinto, Caufield, 2008). Similarly, a researcher who is familiar with the participant’s native language is more capable of building rapport (Dwyer Buckle, 2009). Sometimes the researcher can be the translator if he/she is fluent in the language of the study participants (Ogilvie et al., 2008). Different methods have been suggested to overcome language differences in immigrant health research. Yang (2015) discus sed in depth several methods that other researchers used to collect data. Among these methods were back-translating and hiring bilingual interviewers. Yang also examined the limitations of these methods and explained how to overcome them. The community-based participatory approach has been adopted in many studies. For example in Dallas, Texas, a community based-participatory study to reduce breast cancer inequalities among low-income African American women was conducted (Cardarelli1 et al., 2011). This project was successful in enhancing knowledge, improving uptake of mammography and breast self-examination, and increasing the community’s capacity for prevention and sustainability of the program (Cardarelli1 et al., 2011). Another community-based intervention in the US was conducted to improve the use of breast cancer screening among underserved African-American women (Electra et al., 1999). Results of this project showed that the percentage of women reporting regular use of mammography increased in the intervention city (Electra et al., 1999). Different approaches were applied in the intervention city, including clinic in-reach (e.g., in-service meetings and counselling) and community outreach strategies (e.g. , lectures, media and events) (Electra et al., 1999). The outcomes from this study showed that screening rates in underserved groups can be enhanced by using a multidimensional intervention (Electra et al., 1999). Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is a collaborative process to empower and improve the health of a community (Springett, 2017). In Canada, community-based participatory research is a phrase that refers to participatory health research studies (Springett, 2017). CBPR is a partnership approach to research that engages different partners (e.g., community individuals with common issues or goals, research, and expertise), and each partner’s skills and knowledge should be valued and respected (Minkler Wallerstein, 2008; Israel, Schulz, Parker, Becker, Allen, Guzman, 2008; Springett, 2017). The interest in this approach is growing in Canada, particularly in aboriginal health research (Springett, 2017). Yang (2015) argued that this approach can productively l ead immigrant health research even though there is a deficiency in the related literature. Khalema and Shankar reported that community-based participatory approach can not only contribute health promotion knowledge transfer in immigrant health research, but can acts as an intervention for community change, as it emphasises the need for community engagement in immigrant health promotion research (Khalema Shankar, 2009). However, community-based participatory research is time- and resource- consuming. For these reasons, I did not adopt this approach for this study. In summary, the literature has revealed the significant gaps in existing research. Society views the meaning of health as subjective. Different groups and MENA, in particular, have different definitions of health. Few people take an interest in understanding these differences. It is clear in this chapter that there is a significant relationship between health care services and HSB, multiculturalism, individual perceptions of the meaning of health and the utilization of and access to quality healthcare. Much needs to be done in the province , as little research has been done in the communities where immigrants settle. Moreover, the cultural practices of immigrants are seen to highly impact HSB and the utilization of health care services. It is therefore of importance to understand these cultural practices to incorporate them or be able to understand the immigrants points of view in regards to HSB.

The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll Mr. Hyde - 1200 Words

The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll Mr. Hyde Author Biography: Robert Louis Stevenson Robert Louis Stevenson was born on November 13th, 1850 to (father) Thomas Stevenson and (mother) Margaret Isabella Balfour. Stevenson grew up in Edinburgh. At the age of 17, he enrolled at Edinburgh University where he planned on studying engineering. He instead took courses to study law, and passed all of them in 1875, but he later abandoned this because he wanted to be a writer. His first published work was an essay entitled â€Å"Roads.† Stevenson met his wife, Fanny, in 1876 after traveling out to America. He was twenty-five and she was thirty-six, separated from her husband, and had two children. They married in 1880, which brought a conclusion to†¦show more content†¦At first, Hyde doesnt really show his face. Hes smaller than Jekyll is in size and hes symbolic of the inner evil in Dr. Jekyll. Dr. Lanyon: Hastie Lanyon is an old friend of Henry Jekylls and Gabriel Uttersons. He is also a doctor, but just a medical doctor rather than a scientist. He was the one to break off with Jekylls friendship. Eventually he becomes ill and dies in less than a single fortnight. Social Context Back in Victorian England, it was popular to send letters to one another like Jekyll sent to Utterson in the novel. Also, by 1800, England was known as the â€Å"center of European suicide† because of the amount of suicides occurring at that time, and this seemed to some what influence the suicide of Henry Jekyll. This novel was also written during the industrial revolution, so the science and technology influences are noticeable throughout the story. The Victorian Era is also described as a time of contradictions to some historians, and that is truly seen in the novel through the contrasting Hyde and Jekyll, and also some of the characters personalities (see Utterson in the character list). â€Å"Gothic† (possessing supernatural aspects in the literature) writing was very avid back then. Edward Hyde is among some of the most popular fictional characters of the era such as Sherlock Holmes and Dracula. Themes and Symblos Doors: When the novel begins, Utterson and Enfield are discussingShow MoreRelatedThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1675 Words   |  7 PagesThe Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essay Robert Louis Stevenson’s novella, â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde,† is a type of Gothic literature. In the beginning of the story when Stevenson is describing the lawyer, one â€Å"Mr. Utterson,† the mood is a bit dull. At first glance the reader may think that this story would be a bit boring and drab. Stevenson’s story is far from being another dull piece of British English literature. The setting and mood of this novella are more complexRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1440 Words   |  6 Pagescomplexity of human nature in his books, especially in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, and Kidnapped. The former is about a lawyer named Mr. Utterson seeking out the truth of Dr. Jekyll’s very strange will. He finds out that Jekyll was transforming himself into Mr. Hyde so that he could have the freedom to do whatever he wanted no matter how evil. By the time Utterson finds all this out and findsJekyll, he is too late and Jekyll has already killed himself. The latter is about David BalfourRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1196 Words   |  5 Pageswhich do let control you? The good or evil? This was a question that Dr. Jekyll from the book, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, could not answer. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a book about a man who cannot control the two sides of himself, causing him to do terrible things and not even be aware of it. The theme of this book is good versus evil. Dr. Jekyll is fighting his evil side, known as Mr. Hyde, throughout the book. Some people believe that the book’s theme hasRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde938 Words   |  4 PagesVictorian Hopes and Fears Involving Science as Found in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde During the Victorian Era there was a great race to use science to alleviate the suffering of the ill, specifically for those patients who were suffering from ailments of the mind. While some of the methods used to diagnose and treat such afflictions would be considered barbaric in nature by today’s standards, they were considered cutting edge medical science during the time of the Victorian Era. It was also consideredRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1505 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the latter portion of the nineteenth century, Robert Louis Stevenson published his novella, The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The fin de sià ¨cle saw the rise of different thoughts and ideas surrounding science and society. These concepts and interpretations sparked the discourse surrounding the theory of degeneration; which was the concern that civilization would fall to a lower state of being. This chapter will be reading multiplex personality as a manifestation of th is broader culturalRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde Essay975 Words   |  4 PagesStevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a novella that follows the basic outline established by Mary Shelley in Frankenstein. However, Stevenson’s monster is not created from body parts but comes from the dark side of the human personality. In both novels, a man conducts a secret experiment that gets out of control. The result of these experiments is the release of a double, or doppelganger, which causes damage to their creator. While most people think that The Strange Case of Dr. JekyllRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1290 Words   |  6 PagesThe novella The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll Mr. Hyde took place throughout the time period of prosperity, when Queen Victoria came to the throne in 1837, due to the expansion of the British Empire and the industrial revolution. Because of this, Great Britain had become primarily the world s most powerful superpower. In spite of Queen Victoria becoming a powerful leader, the social morality changed from rationalism to romanticism, which in turn transformed the society of art, literature, politicsRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1012 Words   |  5 PagesRobert Louis Stevenson’s â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† is a classic Victorian tale of good and evil. The novel tells the story of Dr. Henry Jekyll, a respected scientist who so desperately needs to separate his morality from his self-indulgence. Aware of the evil side of his own being, he seeks to be free of it through scientific experiments resulting into the â€Å"bestial† Mr. Hyde. It’s a simple tale about the good and evil that exist in all of us. Through his brilliance, StevensonRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde964 Words   |  4 PagesThe Strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, written by Robert Louis Stevenson was published in 1886. The story is published during the Victorian era, the Victorian era was an age of repression, there was no violence, no sexual appetite, and there was no great expression or emotion. In the story, Dr. Jekyll creates a potion that turns him into Mr. Hyde, Mr. Hyde is the complete opposite of what people are in the Victorian era. At first, Dr. Jekyll is in control of Mr. Hyde, but towards the end MrRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1739 Words   |  7 Pagesnovel â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde† by Robert Louis Stevenson, the novel â€Å"Frankenstein† by Mary Shelley, the short story â€Å"The Monkey’s Paw† by W.W Jacobs and the short story â€Å"Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. These four texts convey this theme through the use of gothic conventions such as death, madness and darkness. In the novels The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson and Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, Frankenstein and Dr. Jekyll are wrongly