Positive Feedbacks in the Economy

Positive Feedbacks in the Economy another financial hypothesis explains components whereby little possibility occasions right off the bat throughout the entire existence of an industry or innovation can tilt the serious parity by W. Brian Arthur onventional monetary hypothesis is based on the presumption of lessening renrrns. Financial activities induce a negative criticism that prompts an anticipated harmony at costs and pieces of the pie. Such input will in general settle the economy on the grounds that any significant changes will be balanced by the very responses they create. The high oil costs of the 1970's ncouraged vitality preservation and expanded oil investigation, precipitat-ing an anticipated drop in costs by the mid 1980's. As indicated by ordinary hypothesis the balance denotes the ‘best† result conceivable under the cir-locals will be the â€Å"best† one. Besides, when arbitrary financial occasions select a specific way the decision may become secure d paying little mind to the upsides of the other options. On the off chance that one item or nationin a serious [emailâ protected] excels by â€Å"chance,† it will in general remain ahead and even increment its lead. hedictable, shared markets are done guaranteed.During the previous not many years I and other monetary scholars at Stanford University, the Santa Fe Insurute in New Mexico and somewhere else have been building up a perspective on the economy based Such a market is at first temperamental. The two frameworks were presented at about a similar time thus started with generally equivalent pieces of the overall industry; those offers vacillated right off the bat on account of outer situation, â€Å"luclC' and corporate moving. Expanding returns on early gains in the long run leaned the opposition toward VHS: it collected enough of a bit of leeway to take vhrually the whole VCR market.Yet it would have been incomprehensible at the beginning of the opposition to state w hich framework would win, which of the two potential equilibria would be se-Such a pleasing picture frequently on positive input. Expanding returns financial matters has roots that return 70 years or more, however its application to the economy all in all is does savagery to the real world. In numerous parts to a great extent new. The hypothesis has solid lected. Moreover, in the event that the case that Beta was in fact prevalent is valid, at that point the market's decision didn't speak to the best monetary result. Ordinary financial hypothesis of-balancing out powers arallels with current nonlinear material science (rather than the pre-ZOth-century physical models that underlie regular financial aspects), it requires new and testing scientific methods between two advancements or items playing out a similar capacity. A model is the opposition among water and coal to create power. As cumstances: the most productive use and assignment of assets. of the economy, show up not to work. Rather positive input amplifies the impacts of little financial movements; the monetary models that depict such impacts vary immensely from the ordinary ones.Diminishing returns infer a solitary balance point for the economy, however positive criticism expanding returns-makes for some, conceivable balance focuses. There is no assurance that the specific monetary result chose from among the numerous alterW. BRIANARTHUR is Morrison hofes-sor of Population Studies and Economics at Stanford University. He acquired his Ph. D. from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1973 and holds graduate degtees in activities examination, financial matters and arithmetic. Up to this point Arthur was on leave at the Santa Fe Institute, an exploration insdrute committed o the srudy of complex frameworks. There he coordinated a group of market analysts, physicists, researcher and others examining conduct of the economy as an advancing, complex framework. what's more, it shows up lTth† history of the videocassette I recorder outfits a straightforward exI abundant of positive feedbaik. the vcR advertise began with two contending groups selling at about a similar value: VIIS and Beta. Ehch organization could understand expanding rerurns as its piece of the pie expanded: enormous quantities of VHS recorders would urge video outlets to stock progressively prerecorded tapes in VHS position, along these lines upgrading the benefit of possessing a WIS ecorder and driving more individuals to get one. (The equivalent would, obviously, be valid for Beta-design players. ) Ir along these lines, a little addition in piece of the pie would improve the serious situation of one framework and assist it with encouraging increment its lead. 92 Scrrmrrc AMERTcAN to be the appropri-ate hypothesis for understanding present day high-innovation economies. February 1990 fers an alternate perspective on rivalry hydroelectric plants take a greater amount of the market, engineers must adventure all the more expensive dam destinations, accordingly expanding the opportunity that a coal-terminated plant will be less expensive. As coal plants take more f the market, they offer up the cost of coal (or trigger the burden of exorbitant contamination controls) thus influence the equalization toward hydropower. The two advances wind up sharing the market in an anticipated extent that best e>'qploits the possibilities of each, as opposed to what befell the two video-recorder frameworks. The development of the VCR market would not have amazed the incomparable Victorian financial specialist Alfred Marshall, one of the authors of the present ordinary financial aspects. In his 1890 Pr'nciples of Economics, he noticed that if firms' creation costs fall as their arket shares increment, a firm that just by favorable luck increased a high extent of the market right off the bat would have the option to best its adversaries; ‘uhatever firm initially gets a decent start† would corn er the market. Marshall didn't catch up this observatior nonetheless, and hypothetical financial aspects has as of not long ago to a great extent disregarded it. Marshall didn't accept that expanding returns applied all over the place; horticulture and mining-the backbones of the economies of his timewere subject to unavoidable losses brought about by constrained measures of ripe land or great mineral deposits.Manufacturing, then again, eqioyed expanding returns since enormous plants permitted improved association Modern market analysts don't consider economies to be scale as a solid wellspring of expanding returns. Some of the time huge plants have demonstrated progressively efficient; frequently they have not. would refresh Marshall's knowledge by seeing that the pieces of the economy that are asset based (agficulI ture, mass merchandise creation, mining) are still generally liable to unavoidable losses. Here ordinary financial aspects appropriately holds sway.The parts of the eco nomy that are information based, then again, are to a great extent subject to expanding retums. Items, for example, PCs, pharmaceuticals, rockets, airplane, cars, programming, media communications gear or fiber optics are convoluted to plan and to fabricate. They require huge beginning interests in examination, advancement and tooling, however once deals start, gradual creation is generally modest. Another airframe or airplane motor, for instance, commonly costs somewhere in the range of $2 and $3 billion to configuration, create, confirm and put into production.Each duplicate from there on costs maybe $50 to $100 million. As more units are manufactured, unit costs proceed to fall and benefits increment. Expanded creation brings extra advantages: delivering more units implies increasing more involvement with the uct in order to have the option to trade data with those utilizing it as of now. fabricating process and accomplishing more prominent comprehension of how to create extra un its much more systems that didn't include innovation. Universal financial experts abstained from expanding returns for more profound reasons. economically. Also, er

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 26

Task Example The 96 hours of introduction shows the greatest time of presentation that may result into practical outcomes. Intense harmfulness may not make a difference to indigenous habitats subsequently constraining the aftereffects of studies including them. The burdens with these likewise includes the dependence on cause and influence angles in inquire about and in conclusion the impact of the particular idea of the investigation that limit they results. The handiness of intense poisonousness is in the scientific idea of the examinations and the outcomes gave (Acute and Chronic Toxicity Testing, n.d). The greatest degrees of focuses set by the controllers are regularly lower to decrease the impacts that the synthetic compounds may have on the experimenters. Through these, the edges of presentation conclusions become conceivable since the NOEL levels give the premise to different estimations to give important data and the fixations become simpler to decipher (Reference portion RFD, 2012). At the end of the day, NOEL sets the reference portion for utilization in all tests that goes about as base. Regular endocrines offer a hormonal help to the body frameworks. Endocrines assume a job in building associations with organs entrusted to heft hormones around the body and spot them into the circulation system for motivations behind hormonal reactions and backing. Organs and hormones have the job of controlling development, improvement and development viewpoints among other body guidelines. There exist normal endocrines and counterfeit endocrines. The regular endocrines exist normally in the body and develop on account of characteristic procedures while the counterfeit endocrines are acquainted into the body with assume a similar job as common endocrines. Among the numerous organs that produce, hormones in the body incorporate pituitary organs, thyroid organs, thymus, pancreases, and ovaries among others. There exist numerous endocrine frameworks in creatures serving a

Effects of Climatic Elements on Livestock Production Essay Example for Free

Impacts of Climatic Elements on Livestock Production Essay Presentation Climatic components have direct impact on the arrangement of creature creation, body physiology and creature conduct, feed gracefully and quality, multiplication of bugs and parasites just as conservation of creature items (Samson et al., 2011) various climatic components, for example, temperature, precipitation, moistness, brilliant vitality, air development, light, height and so on significantly impact and collaborate with the presentation of animals creation. Correspondingly, they likewise cause significant impacts on creature physiology, conduct and efficiency through their individual or separate impacts in any case, more frequently, by their mixes with other ecological variables. The impact of atmosphere on creature creation (counting creature body capacities, practices and profitable capacities) might be immediate or circuitous. In any case, frameworks of creature farming or the executives are likewise influenced. Direct impact of atmosphere on creature creation and cultivation has to do with such effect on the creature itself, while circuitous impact is on the animal’s condition each of these will be inspected intently. TEMPERATURE The superseding natural factor influencing the physiological elements of local creatures is temperature. Temperature is estimated utilizing the instrument called thermometer, which are of different sorts. Every single household creature are homeotherms or warm blooded. As it were, they keep up their internal heat level inside a range generally reasonable for ideal organic movement. The internal heat level range is moderately consistent and is higher than the natural temperature. The surrounding temperature then again shifts with changes in the climatic components at a specific time. The creature internal heat level ranges inside specific cutoff points characterized as the ‘Comfort Zone’ is a temperature run inside which no requests are made on the temperature managing system (Samson et al., 2011). In this range the creatures heat trade can be managed exclusively by physical methods, for example, narrowing and enlargement of veins in the skin, raising a ruckus guideline o f the dissipation from lungs and skin. For a run of the mill tropical variety of steers, the ‘comfort zone’ territory from 100 C to 270 C while a tropical calm dairy cattle has between - 10 C and 160 C (FAO, 1986). In the event that there is a change in surrounding temperature past either the upper or lower limit, physical guideline won't be adequate to keep up a steady internal heat level and the creature must, also, decline or increment its metabolic warmth creation. The body instrument for controlling creature internal heat level is activated to activity to empower the body remains or come back to typical (Samson et al., 2011). Be that as it may, a further lessening or increment in temperature will in the end carry the temperature to a point past which not so much as an adjustment in heat creation will be adequate to keep up homeothermy, subsequently, thermo-controlling instrument may start to fall flat, bringing about at least one of the accompanying as clarified by Samson et al., 2011: i.Abrupt ascend in rectal temperature. ii. Decay feed admission for example loss of craving. iii. Increment in water consumption. iv. Abatement in beneficial procedure, for example, development and milk/egg creation v. Misfortune in body weight for example gauntness. vi.Change in structure of milk created. This somewhat clarifies the decay of exceptionally beneficial steers imported from calm territory to the tropics. Notwithstanding, youthful creature, lacking completely created temperature-controlling instruments, especially the capacity to build heat creation by expanded digestion, is substantially more touchy to its warm condition and requires higher temperatures. Other social and physiological reactions of creature to exorbitant high temperature or warmth load include: i.Sweating ii.Panting iii.Wallowing in mud or pool of water as in pigs. iv.Reduction in physical exercise and mating exercises. Warmth Regulation As referenced before that all residential domesticated animals are homeotherms; that is, they keep up generally steady inside internal heat levels, as a rule inside a 1 to 2â ° C extend. Typical internal heat levels of some residential creatures are given in Table 1. Table 1: Normal Body Temperatures of Domestic Animals (FAO, 1986). Creatures Temperatures Normal Range Dairy Cow 38.6 38.0 39.3 Meat Cow 38.3 36.7 39.1 Pig 39.2 38.7-39.8 Sheep 39.1 38.3 39.9 Goat 38.7 40.7 Pony 37.9 37.2-38.2 Chickens 41.7 40.6 43.0 The internal heat level of most household creatures is significantly higher than the ecological temperature to which they are uncovered more often than not. They keep up their internal heat levels by adjusting inner warmth creation and warmth misfortune to nature. The hypothalmus organ goes about as a body indoor regulator by invigorating components to neutralize either high or low surrounding temperatures (FAO, 1986). For instance, expanded change of feed to-warm vitality is utilized to neutralize low surrounding temperatures, while for instance expanded breath (rate and volume) and blood flow in the skin checks high encompassing temperatures. Fluctuating temperature additionally brings about changed conduct . Most creatures lessen their degree of movement in a hot situation and, for instance, pigs lie bunched in a store at low temperatures, while they lie spread out with broadened appendages at high temperatures (FAO, 1986). This would recommend expanded space prerequisite for pigs held in a warm, tropical atmosphere. The body can endure brief times of warmth stress, yet on the off chance that the encompassing temperature surpasses the internal heat level for an all-inclusive period, it might demonstrate lethal. At the point when feed is changed over by the creatures digestion for the creation of milk, eggs, meat, off-spring and so on., heat is delivered as a side-effect. An expanded creation level and along these lines feed prerequisite will consequently bring about expanded inward warmth creation. High yielding creatures are therefore bound to experience the ill effects of warmth worry in a hot atmosphere than are low y ielding ones. Taking care of fiber-rich, low absorbable feed stuffs like roughage will bring about high warmth creation due to expanded strong action in the nutritious tract and, in ruminants, expanded miniaturized scale life form action in the rumen. An expanded portion of amasses in the feed may along these lines diminish heat worry in a creature under hot climatic conditions (FAO, 1986). Impacts of Temperature on Animal Activities A lot of creature exercises are influenced by surrounding temperature going from brushing exercises and taking care of conduct, development and gainful execution, milk yield and piece, multiplication and so forth. These impacts are clarified underneath: (a)The Effect of High Ambient Temperature Feeding Behavior in Animals: Studies have demonstrated that length of day time brushing is identified with the surrounding temperature, and decrease in heat load improves touching conduct. Herders in semi-bone-dry and bone-dry territory have received the demonstration of brushing around evening time to improve both admission and length of touching in sweltering seasons. In any case, on account of monogastric creatures, for example, oven fowls, they are regularly taken care of in the night and when to be taken care of during the day, their feeds are sprinkled with beads of water as methods for easing heat burden to improve feed admission and by and large creation (Da Silva, 2007). It ought to be noticed that taking care of fiber-rich, low edible feed stuffs like feed will bring about high warmth creation in view of expanded solid movement in the nutritious tract and, in ruminants, expanded smaller scale life form action in the rumen (FAO, 1986). An expanded portion of moves in the feed may thusly decrease heat worry in a creature under hot climatic conditions. Conversely, when the surrounding temperature is low, the creature will expand change of feed to-warm vitality is utilized to balance low encompassing temperatures, henceforth coming about to increment in feed admission (FAO, 1986). (b)Effect of Temperature on Growth and other Productive Performance: High surrounding temperature discourage craving and decrease feed admission and touching time which may likewise lessen creation as estimated by development, milk yield and milk solids creation. Trial proof has indicated that there is an incomplete relationship with development rate when body weight is consistent. Be that as it may, under great administration conditions where taking care of and the board are satisfactory, high encompassing temperatures don't apparently influence development rates. Mild sort sheep that are presented to high air temperature frequently have a low lambing rate and bring forth little frail sheep that have a high post-natal mortality. Sheep conceived in late-spring and raised through sweltering summer are normally littler during childbirth than sheep conceived in the cool a very long time of early dry season (Da Silva, 2007). In poultry, light varieties and youthful chicks are more impervious to warm than substantial varieties and grown-up feathered creatures. High temperatures incline laying feathered creatures to unexpected decrease in egg creation. (c)Effect of Temperature on Milk Yield and Composition: Studies have shown the impact of temperature on milk yield, margarine fat and solids †not †fat. All these are discouraged by high temperature, yet for the most part by circuitous impact of temperature on changes in taking care of. As much as somewhere in the range of 44% and 55% contrasts in milk yield and spread fat creation were seen between twin yearling raised under sound tropical and temperature the board conditions (Samson et al., 2011). With expanding air temperatures hunger is discouraged, food consumption brought down, and heat creation diminished (Vercoe, J.E.). The specific system of temperature impact on milk and milk creation isn't known. Either the high temperature legitimately influences craving, in this way diminishing feed admission, efficiency and warmth creation or the need to lessen heat creation powers down hunger and thus lower feed consumption (Vercoe, J.E.). The immediate impact of temperature is additionally refreshing in an examination that characterizes ideal temperature for

Educational Research Methods Essay

1. What is the broadly useful of a human subjects audit? The universally useful of the human subjects survey board is to guarantee that the rights, interests and the government assistance of the human subjects are kept up during clinical research, and the clinical preliminaries is led in a moral way consistent with measures established.â The audit board has the authority favor, alter or even reject any human research.â During the whole procedure of the clinical research, the audit board would contemplate the way wherein the exploration is being directed, and guaranteeing that the rules are stuck to.â Several administrative specialists would guarantee that the audit board screens the examination being led on human subjects. The audit board would be supporting the exploration convention diagram and would likewise be making the educated assent form.â During the gathering of the survey board, the convention would be examined, and as needs be it would be affirmed, objected or modified.â The survey board would need to guarantee that during any clinical preliminary, the dangers to the human subjects are negligible, and certain advantages could be anticipated.â The advantages picked up from the preliminary ought to be maximal and the dangers included ought to be minimal.â It would likewise investigate other moral issues, for example, secrecy, educated assent and tricky practices (USAF, 1999 and St. Edwards University, 2006). 2. What sorts of individuals inside your association would you request to be on the audit board? Clarify your explanations behind picking every individual? The human subject research board is generally made out of at least five members.â They ought to be expertly skilled to inspect examine proposition and give assent for them on human subjects.â The individuals from the survey board ought to be expertly qualified and ought to have adequate experience in order to settle on fitting choices concerning the human subjects.â The individuals from the board ought to have a place with different foundations and ought to be recognizable of the issues that exist in the network investigate is being led in.â The individuals from the board are normally chosen for around 2 years.â Men and ladies ought to be a piece of the board, so female issues could likewise be suitably addressed.â At least one individual from the board ought to have a place with a non-logical foundation, and one part ought to have a place with a logical foundation (Monmouth, 2007 and St. Edwards University, 2006). 3. Give instances of undertakings inside your association that may require cautious audit before they are endorsed and of those that might be absolved from human examinations survey necessities. The institutional survey board (IRB) of my association would inspect any clinical research venture that requires the utilization of human subjects, and in which some measure of hazard exists.â The fundamental point of the IRB is evaluate the measure of hazard that exists and furthermore guarantee that the preliminary is being directed in a suitable way with the goal that the hazard is minimal.â Choosing the subjects ought to likewise be done in a fair way, and the IRB would contemplate this.â The IRB would likewise be analyzing the arrangement of financial and non-money related motivations to the subjects who are a piece of the clinical preliminary (HHS, 2005 and USAF, 1999). A portion of the projects where endorsement of the board isn't required incorporates assessments led by the understudy and instructors (for instructive purposes), assessment of the exploration program, promoting research, worker assessments, certain instructive tests, analytic tests, meeting or overview methodology, gathering of existing information, and so forth (The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, 2007)

Tips For Essay Writing In English

Tips For Essay Writing In EnglishThere are some very simple tips for essay writing in English. Many students want to avoid grammar and spelling errors when they write their college essays. Of course, the goal is to get a great grade and get accepted into the school. For that reason, it is important to always read the directions carefully, and keep to the guidelines of your writing instructor.I was a student who had to spend a lot of time in school learning, and then repeating what he learned, because it was not part of our learning processes. It is important to remember that taking a semester off from school does not mean you are out of school. You may still be able to continue with your studies through one of the college courses that can be taken while you are away.Semester breaks and vacations are often taken for personal reasons or to enjoy the weather. You should not feel the need to skip class work to have fun on a trip. A vacation may seem like the best way to relax, but it is definitely not necessary to gain all the knowledge you need for your academic studies.No matter what course syllabi you are studying, the important thing is to get it done. First, consider how you would answer the question, 'What do you think of this essay?' When you answer this question in English, it is important to use all the rules and guidelines for essay writing. Then, add the best points of all.To really come up with the best essay possible, choose a writer's style that is easy to understand. Use facts, observations, and suggestions to make a point. Writing essays in English is about creating the best impression possible with the material that you are studying.Lastly, be sure to beconcise. A lot of times, students will leave out important information just to save time. Just be sure to keep everything that is important to you, such as facts, descriptions, and points. As long as you get your point across in a short amount of time, you will have no problem with your essay.It tak es time to become a good writer. Some people feel that they will always be a writer when they are actually less than skilled. If you want to get better at essay writing, you will have to practice, study, and keep doing it until you get it right.To summarize, remember that the goal of the learning process is not to make mistakes. A mistake may make it easier to get a bad grade, or it may make your college application or acceptance to school harder to obtain. The important thing is to read the directions carefully, and keep to the rules of your writing professor.

The Importance of Health Literacy - Free Essay Example

This study also pointed out â€Å"the importance of health literacy as a critical dimension in devising policies and intervention programs to improve health conditions of immigrant women in Taiwan, and in other host countries. Our study also demonstrates that the health literacy framework contributes a new lens for the examination of immigrant health issues† (Tsai Lee, 2016. P 73). Interpreting services have been recognized as an important tool to provide safe and effective health care for immigrant populations (Britigan et al., 2009). Studies have provided insights into the importance of professional interpreters to promote effective communication, patient comprehension and satisfaction (Karliner et al., 2007). However, few studies have examined patients’ insights into interpreter services (Karliner et al., 2007). Health literacy issues of immigrants in non-English-speaking countries have received limited attention. Current research focuses mainly on health literacy matters of immigrant groups in native English-speaking countries, for example Canada, the US, the UK and Australia (Tsai Lee, 2016). There is a need for research to explore the specific language and communication issues experienced by immigrant populations in countries where the first language is not English (Tsai Lee, 2016). Nutbeam claims that although the widely held assumption is that health literacy is ability to understand and use health information, it is really a narrow perspective. He developed a conceptual model of health literacy that comprises three levels: â€Å"functional literacy,† â€Å"interactive literacy† and â€Å"critical literacy† (Nutbeam, 2000). The primary level, functional literacy, is present in everyday settings; at this level, individuals can successfully read and write (Nutbeam, 2000). The second level is interactive literacy, in which people acquire unconventional knowledge and skills and are able to apply both to different life conditions (Nutbeam, 2000). The third and the advanced level is the critical level. At this level, individuals can critically appraise information and have control over situations (Nutbeam, 2000). Nutbeam proposed that health literacy is a powerful tool that individuals can greatly benefit from to control their health (Nutbeam, 2008). Health Seeking Behaviour (HSB). According to Mahmood, Iqbal, and Hanfil (2009), health-seeking behavior is an action taken by patients when they feel that they need to medical treatment. Jaramillo (1998) writes that health-seeking behaviour is a â€Å"multi-dimensional concept† that goes further than biomedical concerns and include cultural, social and organizational factors. Mackian, Bedri and Lovel (2004) found that health-seeking models are critical for designing social interventions aimed at empowering individuals to adopt ‘healthy choices’. Thus, in order to plan and deliver appropriate health care services, it is necessary to understand HSB (Chauhan et al., 2015). Health Care Seeking Behavior (HCSB) refers to a â€Å"decision or an action taken by an individual to maintain, attain, or regain good health and to prevent illness† (Chauhan et al., 2015, P 118). HSB is affected by multiple factors such as age, sex, type of illness, and affordability and av ailability of services (Chauhan et al., 2015). Chauhan et al. conducted a community-based descriptive study in a rural coastal area in India to evaluate HSB in a rural population (Chauhan et al., 2015). The study found that HSB determined predominantly by people’s perceptions about the quality of health care services. The study also identified factors that drove healthcare seeking behaviour among the rural population in the coastal area. These included income, type of illness, and availability and cost of services (low-cost services were more frequently accessed) (Chauhan et al., 2015). In other studies, HSB was found to be associated with various factors, for example gender of the person seeking care, area of residence, education and the health care provider (Pillai et al., 2003). In the US, poor access to health care and a lack of information may be associated with the deterioration of health among Latino immigrants (Garcà ©s, Scarinci Harrison, 2006). Factors such as low income, low education, language barriers and fear of deportation among undocumented groups have been found to keep people from seeking health care services and information (Garcà ©s, Scarinci Harrison, 2006). Latino immigrants maintain their cultural health beliefs and practises when they arrive in the US (Garcà ©s, Scarinci Harrison, 2006). The most commonly reported health practises among immigrants from Latin America were the use of herbs, chiropractic treatments, dietary supplements and home remedies (Garcà ©s, Scarinci Harrison, 2006). The immigrant Arab population in the US also reported a significant use of alternative medicine (Lazar, 2008). However, there is limited information regarding HSB of the Arab community in North America (Lazar, 2008). In the context of this study, it appears that the HSB of Arab immigrant women is influenced by diverse factors such as cultural beliefs, the perception of diseases and whether or not they have the available disposable income to access health care. For example, as seen earlier, in communities, diseases such as cancer are seen as a form of a cultural curse (Adnan et al., 1999). If a woman contracts such a disease, it becomes difficult for her to seek care as she will likely believe only traditional charms can cure her (Adnan et al., 1999). To better understand someones HSB, it is necessary to understand the culture that he or she comes from (Rought, Duaibis Hussain, 2010). Multiculturalism Canada has a long history of welcoming immigrants from around the world. However, Challenges for new immigrants is transitioning from their previous cultural practices into the host countrys culture (Adnan et al., 1999). According to Flores (2004), health issues touch on different human experiences and the migrants from diverse foreign cultures have many different experiences. Culture plays a fundamental role in the perception of health and access to health care services (Tan Li, 2016). One of the ways in which culture can be defined is â€Å"as a group of individuals who have similar attitudes, beliefs and values, both in the group and when on their own† (Tan Li, 2016, P 112). Different background languages, social norms, religions, beliefs and health care structures were found to be barriers to accessing health services for immigrants and ethnic minorities (Tan Li, 2016). Cultural diversity is a reality and a controversial issue within health care (Tan Li, 2016). In the UK, it is becoming more challenging for the National Health Service (NHS) to provide outstanding medical services because of the growing diversity of the population (Tan Li, 2016). Many culture issues complicate healthcare, among them the religious beliefs of both practitioners and patients. For example, patient rejects treatment on a religious basis and physicians’ perceptions of end-of-life care (Tan Li, 2016). Nichols, Horner and Fyfe (2015) have showed that a lack of understanding of cultural diversity influences not only the patient-physician relationship, but also the relationship between health care professionals. They found different experiences in the workplace. Some health care practitioners reported finding respect and satisfaction, whereas others reported finding negativity and discrimination (Nichols, Horner Fyfe, 2015). Health care providers from ethnic minority groups were more likely to experience delays in their career paths (Nichols, Horner Fyfe, 2015). The study also highlighted the importance of preparing and training health care providers to be able to see patients in a holistic way and focus on both biological and psychosocial aspects (Nichols, Horner Fyfe, 2015). Multiculturalism affects patients and health care providers. For example, according to Nichols, Horner and Fyfe (2015), if there is a language barrier, or if the patient feels the physician is culturally insensitive, the patient may not continue seeking health care. Some communities consider female genital mutilation to be a â€Å"rite of passage† (Amin, 2008). It is important for health care professionals to recognize cultural diversity and that their patients may have different beliefs (Nichols, Horner Fyfe, 2015). In a critique of multiculturalism in the NHS, Culley (1996) discussed the way in which health care is constructed and delivered to people from minority ethnic groups. Culley’s paper highlighted the limitations of the cultural attitude of health professionals and the impact of racism on access to quality health care. Culley pointed out large gaps in the awareness of health providers and their approaches towards the needs of people from ethnic minorities. These health workers claimed that they did not receive any training for working in multicultural settings (Culley, 1996). Pearson (1986) also argued that knowledge on culture is the most important component for enhancing quality health care. Pearson also stated that cultural variations are not disputed. What is contested, however, is the power imbalance between ethnic groups (Pearson 1986). Fruitful communication can be hindered when one providers and patients are ignorant about each other’s differences (Culley, 1996). P earson described those difference as â€Å"deviant, alien and stubborn†. Black people, for example, are not only viewed as different, but are seen as secondary and inferior, Asian- American girls are â€Å"caught between two cultures†, and Muslim women in western societies often find themselves having to defend their choice to wear a veil (Pearson 1986). Such cultural views are deeply rooted in societies and organizations and play a key role in access to quality health care by minority populations ((Pearson 1986). There is a need for research that will evaluate the complexity of different issues surrounding multiculturalism in health care from the perspective of patients and healthcare providers (Nichols, Horner Fyfe, 2015). Patients report different health care experiences. While some patients were happy and satisfied with their care, other reported discrimination, and a lack of respect for their needs and beliefs (Nichols, Horner Fyfe, 2015). It is important to build trust and have open discussions with patients, and provide more information to ensure that the patient is viewed as a person, in a pluralistic society (Nichols, Horner Fyfe, 2015, P 113). Previous Immigrant Research on Breast Cancer (approaches and issues) Qualitative methods have been widely used in the literature to address breast cancer and screening disparities among women from minority groups. An ethnography approach has been adopted in many studies in Western countries. For example, Zhao et al. (2010) applied a focused ethnographic approach to explore Chinese-born immigrant women’s beliefs about breast cancer screening and mammography in the US. They found that these women, who are highly influenced by their community, believe that the absence of signs and symptoms indicates health, which may perpetuate low screening rates.. They suggested that a community-based culturally competent health education program may be beneficial in improving Chinese-born immigrant women’s usage of health care services. However, a major weakness in this study was that the authors didn’t differentiate between Asian-born, Asian-American, and Asian immigrants, which creates confusion about the differences in cultural beliefs between these three groups. One of the issues in cross-cultural research is a lack of knowledge about the variations among subgroups (Aziza, 2014). This ignorance may lead to misunderstanding and mistrust between the researcher and the study population (Aziza, 2014). It may also lead to inaccurate conclusions regarding the cultural beliefs of different groups (Zhao et al., 2010). Research shows that Latino women with breast cancer underuse recommended follow-up chemotherapy, which reduces their survival rates (Kreling, 2008). A focused ethnography study was conducted in the US to explore how cultural beliefs and perceptions impact decision-making processes for Latino women regarding breast cancer treatment (Kreling, 2008). The amount and quality of data that have been obtained from this study allow comprehensive understanding of Latino women’s perspectives and experiences with regard to breast cancer treatment (Kreling, 2008). The outcomes from this study are expected to accelerate social change by shedding light on cultural diversity in health decision making (Kreling, 2008). However, one of the limitations of this study is the researcher’s experience. As a breast cancer survivor, Kreling’s personal experience could have influenced her interpretation and analysis of the data. Different results might emerge if this study had been conducte d by a researcher with no history of breast cancer. On the other hand, this personal experience might be beneficial as the researcher has a unique understanding of cancer patients which could positively affect the way she conducts interviews and potentially make discussions easier. It might also be easy for her to gain the study participants’ trust (Dwyer Buckle, 2009). In addressing insider-outsider issues, Ogilvie et al.(2008) proposed that when exploring immigrant health, integrating different researchers from inside and outside can produce innovative thinking. Focus group methodology was also conducted to study Emirati women’s attitudes and beliefs about breast cancer and screening in United Arab Emirates (UAE) (Abdulbari et al., 2002). The method worked well in this setting (Abdulbari et al., 2002). The study produced in-depth descriptions and rich data regarding determinants of participation in breast cancer programs, including factors that positively influence the screening practices as well as factors that discourage participation (Abdulbari et al., 2002). A critical ethnographic approach was also used to expose the social and cultural factors that affect breast cancer screening practices of Arab Muslim women in Qatar (Hwang et al., 2015). Beliefs about health and illness, religious practises and gender relations were the main themes identified (Hwang et al., 2015). The study also showed that Arab Muslim women’s health attitudes cannot be recognized in isolation from their sociocultural context (Hwang et al., 2015). In ad dition, interventions to address poor participation in breast cancer screening services must address the context and not be narrowed to the individual (Hwang et al., 2015). Abdulbari shares a language with the study population, which was not the case in the Hwang study. This brings us to issues of language differences in conducting cross-cultural health research. Research participants are usually more comfortable, more informative and more accurate when using their native language, and sometimes researchers know little or nothing about their language (Ogilvie, Burgess-Pinto, Caufield, 2008). Similarly, a researcher who is familiar with the participant’s native language is more capable of building rapport (Dwyer Buckle, 2009). Sometimes the researcher can be the translator if he/she is fluent in the language of the study participants (Ogilvie et al., 2008). Different methods have been suggested to overcome language differences in immigrant health research. Yang (2015) discus sed in depth several methods that other researchers used to collect data. Among these methods were back-translating and hiring bilingual interviewers. Yang also examined the limitations of these methods and explained how to overcome them. The community-based participatory approach has been adopted in many studies. For example in Dallas, Texas, a community based-participatory study to reduce breast cancer inequalities among low-income African American women was conducted (Cardarelli1 et al., 2011). This project was successful in enhancing knowledge, improving uptake of mammography and breast self-examination, and increasing the community’s capacity for prevention and sustainability of the program (Cardarelli1 et al., 2011). Another community-based intervention in the US was conducted to improve the use of breast cancer screening among underserved African-American women (Electra et al., 1999). Results of this project showed that the percentage of women reporting regular use of mammography increased in the intervention city (Electra et al., 1999). Different approaches were applied in the intervention city, including clinic in-reach (e.g., in-service meetings and counselling) and community outreach strategies (e.g. , lectures, media and events) (Electra et al., 1999). The outcomes from this study showed that screening rates in underserved groups can be enhanced by using a multidimensional intervention (Electra et al., 1999). Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is a collaborative process to empower and improve the health of a community (Springett, 2017). In Canada, community-based participatory research is a phrase that refers to participatory health research studies (Springett, 2017). CBPR is a partnership approach to research that engages different partners (e.g., community individuals with common issues or goals, research, and expertise), and each partner’s skills and knowledge should be valued and respected (Minkler Wallerstein, 2008; Israel, Schulz, Parker, Becker, Allen, Guzman, 2008; Springett, 2017). The interest in this approach is growing in Canada, particularly in aboriginal health research (Springett, 2017). Yang (2015) argued that this approach can productively l ead immigrant health research even though there is a deficiency in the related literature. Khalema and Shankar reported that community-based participatory approach can not only contribute health promotion knowledge transfer in immigrant health research, but can acts as an intervention for community change, as it emphasises the need for community engagement in immigrant health promotion research (Khalema Shankar, 2009). However, community-based participatory research is time- and resource- consuming. For these reasons, I did not adopt this approach for this study. In summary, the literature has revealed the significant gaps in existing research. Society views the meaning of health as subjective. Different groups and MENA, in particular, have different definitions of health. Few people take an interest in understanding these differences. It is clear in this chapter that there is a significant relationship between health care services and HSB, multiculturalism, individual perceptions of the meaning of health and the utilization of and access to quality healthcare. Much needs to be done in the province , as little research has been done in the communities where immigrants settle. Moreover, the cultural practices of immigrants are seen to highly impact HSB and the utilization of health care services. It is therefore of importance to understand these cultural practices to incorporate them or be able to understand the immigrants points of view in regards to HSB.

The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll Mr. Hyde - 1200 Words

The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll Mr. Hyde Author Biography: Robert Louis Stevenson Robert Louis Stevenson was born on November 13th, 1850 to (father) Thomas Stevenson and (mother) Margaret Isabella Balfour. Stevenson grew up in Edinburgh. At the age of 17, he enrolled at Edinburgh University where he planned on studying engineering. He instead took courses to study law, and passed all of them in 1875, but he later abandoned this because he wanted to be a writer. His first published work was an essay entitled â€Å"Roads.† Stevenson met his wife, Fanny, in 1876 after traveling out to America. He was twenty-five and she was thirty-six, separated from her husband, and had two children. They married in 1880, which brought a conclusion to†¦show more content†¦At first, Hyde doesnt really show his face. Hes smaller than Jekyll is in size and hes symbolic of the inner evil in Dr. Jekyll. Dr. Lanyon: Hastie Lanyon is an old friend of Henry Jekylls and Gabriel Uttersons. He is also a doctor, but just a medical doctor rather than a scientist. He was the one to break off with Jekylls friendship. Eventually he becomes ill and dies in less than a single fortnight. Social Context Back in Victorian England, it was popular to send letters to one another like Jekyll sent to Utterson in the novel. Also, by 1800, England was known as the â€Å"center of European suicide† because of the amount of suicides occurring at that time, and this seemed to some what influence the suicide of Henry Jekyll. This novel was also written during the industrial revolution, so the science and technology influences are noticeable throughout the story. The Victorian Era is also described as a time of contradictions to some historians, and that is truly seen in the novel through the contrasting Hyde and Jekyll, and also some of the characters personalities (see Utterson in the character list). â€Å"Gothic† (possessing supernatural aspects in the literature) writing was very avid back then. Edward Hyde is among some of the most popular fictional characters of the era such as Sherlock Holmes and Dracula. Themes and Symblos Doors: When the novel begins, Utterson and Enfield are discussingShow MoreRelatedThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1675 Words   |  7 PagesThe Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essay Robert Louis Stevenson’s novella, â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde,† is a type of Gothic literature. In the beginning of the story when Stevenson is describing the lawyer, one â€Å"Mr. Utterson,† the mood is a bit dull. At first glance the reader may think that this story would be a bit boring and drab. Stevenson’s story is far from being another dull piece of British English literature. The setting and mood of this novella are more complexRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1440 Words   |  6 Pagescomplexity of human nature in his books, especially in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, and Kidnapped. The former is about a lawyer named Mr. Utterson seeking out the truth of Dr. Jekyll’s very strange will. He finds out that Jekyll was transforming himself into Mr. Hyde so that he could have the freedom to do whatever he wanted no matter how evil. By the time Utterson finds all this out and findsJekyll, he is too late and Jekyll has already killed himself. The latter is about David BalfourRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1196 Words   |  5 Pageswhich do let control you? The good or evil? This was a question that Dr. Jekyll from the book, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, could not answer. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a book about a man who cannot control the two sides of himself, causing him to do terrible things and not even be aware of it. The theme of this book is good versus evil. Dr. Jekyll is fighting his evil side, known as Mr. Hyde, throughout the book. Some people believe that the book’s theme hasRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde938 Words   |  4 PagesVictorian Hopes and Fears Involving Science as Found in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde During the Victorian Era there was a great race to use science to alleviate the suffering of the ill, specifically for those patients who were suffering from ailments of the mind. While some of the methods used to diagnose and treat such afflictions would be considered barbaric in nature by today’s standards, they were considered cutting edge medical science during the time of the Victorian Era. It was also consideredRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1505 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the latter portion of the nineteenth century, Robert Louis Stevenson published his novella, The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The fin de sià ¨cle saw the rise of different thoughts and ideas surrounding science and society. These concepts and interpretations sparked the discourse surrounding the theory of degeneration; which was the concern that civilization would fall to a lower state of being. This chapter will be reading multiplex personality as a manifestation of th is broader culturalRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde Essay975 Words   |  4 PagesStevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a novella that follows the basic outline established by Mary Shelley in Frankenstein. However, Stevenson’s monster is not created from body parts but comes from the dark side of the human personality. In both novels, a man conducts a secret experiment that gets out of control. The result of these experiments is the release of a double, or doppelganger, which causes damage to their creator. While most people think that The Strange Case of Dr. JekyllRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1290 Words   |  6 PagesThe novella The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll Mr. Hyde took place throughout the time period of prosperity, when Queen Victoria came to the throne in 1837, due to the expansion of the British Empire and the industrial revolution. Because of this, Great Britain had become primarily the world s most powerful superpower. In spite of Queen Victoria becoming a powerful leader, the social morality changed from rationalism to romanticism, which in turn transformed the society of art, literature, politicsRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1012 Words   |  5 PagesRobert Louis Stevenson’s â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† is a classic Victorian tale of good and evil. The novel tells the story of Dr. Henry Jekyll, a respected scientist who so desperately needs to separate his morality from his self-indulgence. Aware of the evil side of his own being, he seeks to be free of it through scientific experiments resulting into the â€Å"bestial† Mr. Hyde. It’s a simple tale about the good and evil that exist in all of us. Through his brilliance, StevensonRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde964 Words   |  4 PagesThe Strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, written by Robert Louis Stevenson was published in 1886. The story is published during the Victorian era, the Victorian era was an age of repression, there was no violence, no sexual appetite, and there was no great expression or emotion. In the story, Dr. Jekyll creates a potion that turns him into Mr. Hyde, Mr. Hyde is the complete opposite of what people are in the Victorian era. At first, Dr. Jekyll is in control of Mr. Hyde, but towards the end MrRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1739 Words   |  7 Pagesnovel â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde† by Robert Louis Stevenson, the novel â€Å"Frankenstein† by Mary Shelley, the short story â€Å"The Monkey’s Paw† by W.W Jacobs and the short story â€Å"Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. These four texts convey this theme through the use of gothic conventions such as death, madness and darkness. In the novels The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson and Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, Frankenstein and Dr. Jekyll are wrongly

Procrastination And Its Effects On Students - 1300 Words

Everyday students procrastinate. This is not something new, however. Procrastination is a behavior that started a long time ago. It is a phenomenon as old as the universe. Most students are seen procrastinating every day. Zarick Stonebraker (2009) conducted a survey among students. They wrote: As expected, the effects of procrastination are widespread. Only a single student claimed â€Å"never† to be affected by procrastination in any of the three categories and 42 percent admitted that they â€Å"usually† or â€Å"always† were affected in at least one of the three. About one-third admitted that the quality of their papers/projects usually or always suffered, and one-fourth said the same about their exams. Only about 5 percent of respondents usually or always turned assignments in late as a result of procrastination. (p. 212) This survey shows the majority of students realize and admit their procrastination. The causes of this common behavior are due to increasing advancements in technology, work ethic, stress, and time management skills. Advancements in technology are creating distractions for students. Students are prioritizing their time with things such as smartphones, tablets, laptops, and Netflix. Instead of directing their attention to current assignments, projects, and tests, they are focusing more on the latest app or device. These distractions are taking student’s time and attention away from their schoolwork along with other chores and obligations. Some schoolsShow MoreRelatedNegative Effects Of Procrastination On College Students1055 Words   |  5 PagesProcrastination is something we all must face in life. However, it effects college students the most. It is the practice of doing more pleasurable things in place of less pleasurable ones. For instance, being on the internet rathe r than typing a paper, shopping before paying your bills, or turning work in before the deadline. Therefore, you can kind of see how procrastination can affect college students academically, because younger students procrastinate the most. Procrastination has a negativeRead MoreThe Negative Effect of Procrastination on College Students858 Words   |  4 PagesProcrastination is a tendency to postpone, put off, delay, reschedule, take a rain check on, put on ice, hold off, or to defer what is necessary to reach a particular goal.(Rogets 21st Century Thesaurus, Third Edition. Philip Lief Group 2009.) While attending College some students find it hard to juggle work, family, and friends. Leading most students down a dangerous path to procrastination; that negative impact affect students from their physical health, mental health, and social health. EveryoneRead MoreProcrastination, Adaptive Perfectionism, Maladaptive, And Academic Performance1066 Words   |  5 PagesThis study used a correlational design to discover the relationship between procrastination, adaptive perfectionism, maladaptive perfectionism and academic performance. Using the PPS and MPS scales hundred and twenty five undergraduate university students filled out digital surveys online in classrooms. There academic performance was measured through a test. Results suggest that procrastination has a negative effect on academic performance, whereas adaptive perfectionism has a positive one. ThoseRead MoreThe Impact of Procrastination on College Students1277 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Procrastination is the act or habit of putting tasks on hold. It is the unnecessary postponement of starting or finishing an undertaking, which eventually leads to distress (Solomon Rothblum, 1984). The intentional delay of due tasks is very common among students and lately, it has become prevalent in college settings (Rabin, Fogel Nutter-Upham, 2011). According to Semb, Glick and Spencer (1979), the level of procrastination increases as an individual stays longerRead MoreStudent Procrastination852 Words   |  4 PagesComp 1 9 Nov. 2017 Student Procrastination   Ã‚  Ã‚   Is procrastination a student’s worst enemy? Statistics show that about eighty to ninety percent of college students procrastinate, and this causes problems when it comes to their line of study or coursework. Student procrastination can negatively impact their lives by causing stress, unhappiness, and a lazy work ethic; though, there can be solutions to this problem.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Procrastination is a well-known habit of a majority of students. This mindset, whetherRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Procrastination854 Words   |  4 Pagesmost common victims of this addictive habit are students. In fact, in a poll conducted by StudyMode (a website for online learning tools) 87 percent of students surveyed said they procrastinate on school work. Yet, these people know the negative impacts of procrastination; 45 percent of them said so themselves (Klein). Still, there are many appealing reasons as to why students procrastinate, whether on school work or daily life. However, the effects such as academic misconduct or amplified stressRead MorePsychological And Physical Effects Of Procrastination Essay1746 Words   |  7 Pages The Psychology of Procrastination Marcus W. Middleton Caledonia Mumford Central School â€Æ' Abstract The psychological and physical effects of procrastination can be detrimental to the health of an individual. However this is a fixable habit that can be overcome through learning and treatment.â€Æ' Introduction In 2007, it was found that up to 95% of students in the United States procrastinated on academic tasks. Even worse, 30% to 60% of those students procrastinated regularly and 75% of themRead MoreThe Effects Of Negative Habits On College1681 Words   |  7 Pagesalcoholism, abuse of drugs, sleep deprivation, and procrastination impact minority students more than non-minority students. Many students go off to college every year and do not stay on track. They begin college with the best of intentions: go to class, excel, and eventually graduate. College is very fun, but it is also a time in your life where you have to learn what to put first, and what can wait for later. Some students such as minority students forget the reason why they go to college. They startRead MoreProcastination855 Words   |  4 PagesProcrastination, and my college experiences Joaquin Cabrera HCOP Summer Program Mrs. Andrea Reily Helzner Monday, july 17, 2000 According to the article (Magazine: Journal do- Genetic Psychology, December 1999), procrastination is referred as the act of needlessly delaying a task until the point of some discomfort. This is a behavior problem that many adults experience on a regular basis. In this paper I will be talking about two studies that researched about how procrastination hitsRead MoreIdentifying The Neural Substrates Of Procrastination Essay1368 Words   |  6 PagesThe research article, Identifying the Neural Substrates of Procrastination: a Resting-State fMRI study, was written by Wenwen Zhang, Xiangpeng Wang Tingyong Feng. This research was conducted in order to see what neurologically causes procrastination. It is known that millions of people across the world tend to procrastinate on projects, and these researchers were interested to see what causes it neurologically. The idea of procrastination is becoming a phenomenon among researchers and more and more

Morality Vs Machiavelli - 1161 Words

Socrates, however, asserts the importance of morality and ethics in a ruler, and argues that soul craft is ideal for an effective leader. Socrates contends, â€Å"Wealth does not bring goodness, but goodness brings wealth and every other blessing, both to the individual and the state† (Apology, 30b). Indeed, in opposition to Machiavelli, Socrates asserts that following one’s intuition and making decisions based on â€Å"goodness† will never lead a ruler and his state astray. Additionally, Socrates emphasizes the importance of the laws and the profound role they play in maintaining stability in society and giving human beings an avenue for socialization. Since socialization is the method by which human beings develop cultural norms and values,†¦show more content†¦However, Socrates would still reject this Prince and a political system led by him due to the fact that the Prince acquires his power from the people. Socrates would argue that, by being dishone st to his subjects, the Prince values himself over the people. He no longer has any regard for the consent of the governed. Therefore, when the Prince no longer values the consent of the governed, the social contract between the Prince and his subjects is broken. Socrates would assert that the people have a moral obligation to rise against this Prince as he no longer makes decisions that benefit the state. Socrates asserts that a ruler will experience the most self-growth and will be able to make prudent decisions for the state only through introspection and self-realization. The ruler must realize how little he knows and how little he is truly capable of. Socrates states, â€Å"The wisest of men is he who has realized, that in respect of wisdom he is really worthless† (Apology, 23b). Indeed, Socrates asserts that the wisest of men is he who realizes how little he truly knows. Thus, he must not deceive his people with falsehoods and must strive to continue learning. In essence, Socrates argues for universality and believes all of the ruler’s subjects must be provided for, even if it requires sacrifice and hardship for the ruler. As mentioned earlier, Socrates perceives the laws as parental figures who are responsible for instilling cultural and societal values in humanShow MoreRelatedCompare And Contrast Socrates And Machiavelli1419 Words   |  6 PagesSocrates vs. Mach iavelli: The meaning of truth As philosophers, both Socrates and Niccolo Machiavelli developed theories in response to the warring political environment around them. However, the theories and principles developed by the two philosophers are vastly different in regard to the concept of truth, Socrates would hate Machiavelli’s model prince due to Machiavelli’s manipulative view of truth. While Socrates desired a state that focuses on fundamental truth and ethical decisions, MachiavelliRead MoreMachiavelli And Socrates s Concept Of A Prince1811 Words   |  8 PagesLeah Brennan Professor Brandon Ives 13 October 2017 GVPT241 (0105) Soulcraft vs. Statecraft Though Machiavelli and Socrates lived in distinct states, on the heels of the Peloponnesian War in Athens to the height of the Renaissance in Florence, respectively, a few common threads bind them together. They lived in periods of uncertainty, political fragmentation, and violence, and these experiences inform and shape their beliefs about how society and government as a whole should function. Socrates respondsRead MoreSocrates Vs Machiavelli2003 Words   |  9 Pages Socrates VS Machiavelli The debate on how people should rule has been going on since the dawn of time. Many agree and many disagree but they all agree that we should have a ruling force of some kind but what and how much has been very controversial. Niccolo Machiavelli and Socrates were two very important and revolutionary political philosophers for their time. Machiavelli’s â€Å"The Prince and the Discourses† outlines Machiavelli’s idealRead MoreHobbes, Locke, Rousseau, and Machiavelli Essay1855 Words   |  8 PagesHobbes, Locke, Rousseau, and Machiavelli The thirteenth through the eighteenth century brought profound changes in the political realm of Western civilization. Beginning with the Scientific Revolution and only advancing during the Renaissance, secularization and skepticism lead to changes in not only the intellectual life of Westerners, but also to their politics. At the forefront of the political debate were well-versed men such as Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau. The influencesRead MoreSt. Augustine vs. Machiavelli: a Comparison of the Good Society2831 Words   |  12 PagesBen Parrish St. Augustine vs. Machiavelli: A comparison of the Good Society Final Project 09/01/13 Both St. Augustine and Machiavelli believed that in order to understand the true nature of society you must see men for what they truly were. Augustine and Machiavelli are similar in their pessimistic views toward human nature, looking at human self-love and self-interest and believed it to be full of evil, cruelty, betrayal, violence and tied that relationship into the creation of war. For both philosophersRead MoreRelevance Of Personality And Psychopathy1057 Words   |  5 Pagescharisma rather than their psychopathy. 10.2 NSDAP Germany was a criminal organisation The conclusion that the NSDAP was a criminal organisation (and that the whole state of Germany became thus) derives from an ethical typology of organisational morality. The creation of a four square matrix from the Machiavellian â€Å"ethic† of means and ends identify four distinct ethical organisational styles; Machiavellian and criminal on one hand, and Kantian and â€Å"ethicall† on the other. In the Machiavellian matrixRead MoreMachiavelli vs Islamic Political Thought2559 Words   |  11 PagesMachiavelli vs Islamic Political Thought Niccolo Machiavelli was a political realist. He thought there were certain skills and characteristics needed to become a political ruler. In his work, The Prince, Machiavelli gives advice on how to be a successful prince, or ruler. Successful is partly based on how powerful a ruler was during his lifetime (reign), but largely based on how much the prince affected the lives, through laws or societal norms, of future generations. Machiavelli was mainly interestedRead MoreHuman Law Vs. Divine Law1487 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Law vs. Divine Law Morality is principles that determines the distinction between right and wrong action, or good and bad behavior. There is also a link that being moral should be determined by either human law or divine law. The play â€Å"Antigone†, by Sophocles, shows the complexity of this certain concept of morality. Antigone must determine whether she should defy King Creon’s law in order to bury her brother, Polynices, or reject her own religious beliefs in order to maintain in the King’sRead MorePolitical Theory: Comparing Locke, Rousseau and Plato Essay3770 Words   |  16 Pagesmen are naturally good and don’t want to hurt each other, doesn’t want the state of war - believes civilization is what corrupted him, save man is not concerned with materialistic values Morality: differs from locke - in the state of nature there is no reason for law, right or morality because we tend to avoid harming each other because of our natural aversion to pain and suffereing Social Contract: - must have a group that mediates the people and government - Read MoreChap 15: Europe Transformed- Reform and State Building1520 Words   |  7 Pagesenhance the military forces at their disposal * Niccolo Machiavelli, an Italian who wrote The Prince, one of the most influential works on political power in the Western world. His major concerns were the acquisition, maintenance, and expansion of political powers as the means to restore and maintain order. He contradicted the approached that a ruler ought to behave based on moral principles (first Western thinkers to abandon morality for the analysis of political activity). 10. Social Changes

The Genocide Of The United Nations - 1856 Words

Despite obvious warning signs, the early to mid-1990’s was filled with two of the most horrific genocides in human history. Both genocides: the hutu and tutsi massacre in Rwanda, and the Bosnian genocide were done under the nose of the United Nations. The first saw the Hutu’s of Rwanda kill around eight hundred thousand Tutsi people and sympathizers in 1994. Just a year later, the second genocide of this decade occurred when Bosnian Serb forces attempted to gain territory in what is now Bosnia-Herzegovina and mounted an attack in Srebrenica. This attack on Srebrenica saw nearly eight thousand Muslim Bosnians massacred and emptied into mass graves. As previously mentioned, both massacres were done with the presence of United Nations Peacekeeping Forces, yet in both instances they failed to be involved. The reasons for this failure are quite clear in both instances, yet the interesting thing lies in the accountability assigned in both cases. Both massacres are considered failures by humanitarian standards, and in a general assembly in 1999, UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan stated, If humanitarian intervention is, indeed, an unacceptable assault on sovereignty, how should we respond to a Rwanda, to a Srebrenica - to gross and systematic violations of human rights that affect every precept of our common humanity? â€Å"In the years following said massacres, only one nation was held responsible for events that transpired. This nation, the Netherlands, was tried by its own court,Show MoreRelatedGenocide The United Nations Security Council Essay2135 Words   |  9 Pages Acts of genocide have occurred for centuries even though the term genocide did not appear until the twentieth century. In 1948 the United Nations General Assembly passed a law that legally defined genocide and ruled it as an illegal act. According to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) Article II the definition of genocide is â€Å"any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious groupRead MoreRwanda Genocide: Who Is to Blame?1488 Words   |  6 PagesThe Genocide in Rwanda: Who is to Blame? By Maria Chiara Billones Lucatello February 3, 2010 International Relations Mr. Conzemius â€Å"A small boy of 11 years, was curled up in a ball of fresh flesh and blood, in his eyes was a glance of lost hope, abandonment, and defeat. He was without vision; A little girl at nine years of age, was pinned up against a tree†¦her legs apart, and she was covered in things even hell can’t imagine; excrement, urine and blood . . . in her mouth was cold fresh meat, cutRead MoreThe Ten Stages of Genocide by Gregory H. Stanton931 Words   |  4 Pages Did you know that today there are still acts of genocide happening around the world? â€Å"The Ten Stages of Genocide† is an article written by Gregory H. Stanton, the president of Genocide Watch, an organization that is fighting to end genocide. In this article, Stanton lists ten stages that will occur in a genocide, starting with the stage of classification and ending with the stage of denial. In Burma, a sovereign state, also known as Myanmar, a minority ethnic group named the Rohingya is being discriminatedRea d MoreThe Rwandan Genocide899 Words   |  4 Pageshold within them the lessons and wisdom that should be used to prevent similar disasters. The 1994 Rwandan genocide resulted in over 800, 000 deaths of the Tutsi people, at the hands of the Hutu; the genocide, and the international response to it, is a lesson about the humanitarian responsibilities, successes, and shortcomings of the United Nations. The events leading up to the Rwandan genocide began decades earlier. There has been a long history of â€Å"ethnic† tensions, though it is really a matter ofRead MoreRwanda Genocide : The First Conviction1264 Words   |  6 Pages Rwanda Genocide: The First Conviction Kaylee Schmit Ms. Sandbulte Advanced Composition January 11, 2016 Kaylee Schmit Ms. Sandbulte Advanced Composition January 11, 2016 Rwanda Genocide: The First Conviction Rwanda is a small country in Africa, made up of three ethnic groups: the Hutus, who held the majority of the population; the Tutsis were only a small portion of the population; and there were also very few Twa. All three groups spoke Kinyarwanda. There were differences in theRead MoreModern Genocide in Africa Essay928 Words   |  4 Pageshave been two instances of genocide: the 1972 mass killings of Hutus by the Tutsi-dominated government, and the 1993 mass killings of the Tutsis by the Hutu populace. Both of these events in Burundi received different levels of attention by the international community and the western media due to a lack of foreign governmental interest, political distraction, and an unwillingness to acknowledge the severity of these atrocities in Burundi. Interestingly, events of genocide occurring at times withoutRead MoreU.s. Foreign Policy : The Game Of Plausible Deniability1625 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica’s Response) The United States found itself is a precarious position. The U.S. did not want to send troops to another battle in Africa, especially after Americans were sickened seeing the naked mutilated bodies of U.S. troops being dragged through the streets of Somalia. But, the U.S. had a moral duty to act against human rights atrocities since the U.S. had adopted the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights Doctrine. 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Considering the horrific nature of this genocide and the vast number of victims, there is a question whether the international community is culpable for the Rwandan genocide; specifically, the role of its ke y players, the US, the UN, France and Belgium. I will argue that the internationalRead MoreAfter the Holocaust, Vows of Never Again are Broken Again and Again749 Words   |  3 Pagesextermination of an entire people. It was a promise brimming with resolve and unanimity, but a promise which would go on to be broken again and again. In December 1948, the then members of the United Nations General Assembly, without contention, passed the Convention on Genocide. It defined what the crime of genocide entailed and that it was an act to be prevented and its perpetrators punished. It has been 66 years since then and we have not been able to fulfill this promise - shattering its very principles

Is Globalization Diminishing The Presence Of Nationalism

Alexander Alezi Professor Hemrick ENC1101: Composition I 10 December 2014 Is Globalization Diminishing the Presence of Nationalism? As a kid I was taught to question everything and to think for myself. For that reason, I questioned how the world operates. During my time, globalization has been the major factor contributing to changes in our society. We are slowly becoming a close nit network of countries with the common goals of becoming a world superpower, financially rich, and multicultural. The modern world has seen a dramatic increase in globalization such as through the advancement in transportation, technology, and international communication which have constructed made the world society interconnected. This occurrence has caused greater unity between nations, regardless of their culture or geographical location, which has been one of mankind’s largest steps towards world peace and global relations. Supranational organizations, such as the United Nations and the World Bank, have brought many countries together in an effort to promote unity a nd stability in an uncertain, dangerous world. Globalization has even affected the economy as international markets have become connected through mergers and acquisitions of intercontinental corporations. The volatility of stock exchanges within major market continuously affects several nations as global interconnectedness continues to grow. While globalization has benefitted the world tremendously, it has also led to theShow MoreRelatedApple Inc and the World Market1851 Words   |  7 Pagesof globalization. Some of the rivals respect it a way of decimating the societies and social orders while the advocates accept that globalization has increased the financial robustness of the nations. 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Within this highly ambiguous organizational context, emergent management accounting routines for action and sensemaking

Computer Security Breach Oracle Payment System

Question: Describe about the Computer Security Breach for Oracle Payment System. Answer: Part A: A computer security breach incident was reported on CNBC on 6th August, 2016 where hackers are said to have infiltrated Oracle payment system used by Micros Systems Inc. Micros use Oracle technologies and offers IT services and cloud-based solutions for hotels, food and beverage facilities and retailers. Micros have good domain reputation as they offer services across 180 countries. In the month of June, Oracle had acquired Micros Systems Inc. (Shores, 2014). Oracle acknowledged this breach and informed, the breach is due to malicious code in their payment systems which are used by many companies under hospitality and retail sectors. Micros had requested all users having access to their online support portal to reset their passwords as the malicious code is found in their legacy systems. Oracle has further informed CNBC, their cloud services, and corporate offerings were not affected, also they use encryption to store credit card data. In order to prevent further damage and recurrence, Oracle implemented extra security measures for all legacy systems used by Micros systems. The source of this breach is unknown, however, experts point the breach could have done by a cybercriminal group named Carbanak gang which was earlier involved in hacking banking systems (Balakrishnan, 2015). Initial analysis showed that the attackers have compromised Oracle Micros POS customer support portal. This portal is used by companies for processing their transactions using payment cards. The scope and size of the attack are still investigated on how attackers could have gained access to POS systems. At first, Oracle has thought the breach could be just a few computers and servers in their retail division. When new security tools were introduced by Oracle to remove the malicious infection, it was found almost 700 systems were infected. Initially, this breach was brought to notice by an Oracle Micros customer on 25th July 2016 because customers were experiencing delays in customer service. Investigations by security experts revealed the customer support portal of Oracle Micros was sending and receiving data with a server belonging to Carbanak gang. One investigation source briefed that the breach began by infecting one single system inside Oracles network and compromised more systems. The company has shown concern that it has compromised details of customers Micros portal which can be used to administer from a remote location and upload a malware to steal payment card details. This could have gained access to POS systems which are linked to cash registers at a Micros customer store. According to one fraud analyst at Gartner Inc, Oracle might have encrypted the data, but the customer devices could have been used to make the breach. POS-based malware is usually installed through a hacked remote administration tool. When the malware is loaded into the POS devices, the attackers can capture data each time a card is swiped at the cash register (KerbsOnSecurity, 2015). From the above incident, it can be seen that POS and payment card systems are an easy target because of different reasons. This is acknowledged by security experts. The payment card has a magnetic stripe which holds all information related to the customer can be divided down into three tracks or areas. Tracks one and two in a credit-card focus on payments, the data here is encrypted. In this area, attackers attempt to steal customer data using a compromising POS device because this has information related to fraudulent online purchase or counterfeit cards. Secondly, the POS architectures usually deployed are vulnerable in certain architectures. The architectures commonly used for processing transactions are store electronic payment system (EPS) Deployment model, POS EPS deployment model, Hybrid/POS Store deployment model, the payment system in gas stations and mobile payments. It is important to note that not all POS architectures ensure the same level of data protection and encryption. In some architecture, it can be found that the POS device transmits data which passes through different systems in unencrypted format. This makes data exposed and vulnerable. Due to this reason, payment care processing systems are an easy target. It is important to note that when payment data is processed in memory, it is almost impossible to secure a POS device and it can be compromised easily. Attackers make use of memory scraping technique, where a scraper malware is deployed on such systems. This scraper malware can be modified to track and target s pecific data patterns and has to ability to bypass end-point defenses like anti-virus software (Whitteker, 2014). To overcome such security breaches in future, Micros must consider certain practices on priority. The practices include implementing standard and secure system practices, applying patches to the application and system software within 48 hours and application white-listing. It is also important to reduce the number of users with administrative rights. This is because if an attacker gains administrative password, it is easy to gain access to many systems in the network. Part B: Data breach case of Anthem What was the problem? Anthem Inc. is USAs second largest health insurance company having millions of customers. According to Anthem, one person out of every nine Americans has medical insurance cover through the companys associated insurance plans. In December 2014, Anthems IT systems were breached and their database compromised. The breach was first identified in Jan 2015 by one database administrator when he experienced his administrator rights were used to run some data queries which he did not initiate but were found running under his name. Queries are run to extract data and transfer the results to another file. A few days later, an internal investigation established the fact that there are security breach and data is compromised. As soon as the company learned about the attack, it approached the FBI for a thorough investigation. The president and CEO of Anthem confirmed the attack and stated the attackers have gained access to personal information of their customers, that include numbers of social s ecurity, medical details and including salary data. The company confirmed that along with customers, employee data is also compromised. As investigations are initiated, Anthem is making use of services by Mandiant, a cyber security firm to help in this investigation and to strengthen the security of all its systems. The details of the breach were made public to all customers and employees in February 2015 (Ragan, 2015). Who were affected and how? The data breach has impacted hundreds and thousands of Anthem customers across the country. New York Times reported the breach could impact millions of customers because their database was holding over 80 million customer records. There are a variety of health insurance plans operated by Anthem under different brands that include, Anthem Blue Cross, Anthem Blue Cross and Blue Shield, Blue Shield of Georgia and Empire Blue Cross and Blue Shield (Abelson Matthew, 2015). Customers in all these schemes were impacted and in addition to data of customers availing identity protection services were also impacted. Investigation on the impact of data breach revealed that data belonging to members who are not Anthem customers are compromised because their employer offered them Anthem coverage plans. The information lost included names, date of birth, social security numbers, home address, e-mail address, job information and salary data. However, no evidence could be found to show compromise of credit card or banking information. Also, the company stated that there is no evidence to show information related to records containing medical data, test results or diagnosis code were either compromised or stolen (Anthem, 2015). How was the attack carried out? Anthem spends around $50 million annually and employs around 200 staff to ensure IT systems are secure and available. According to details of the breach, IT security experts explain that Anthem has failed in three steps that could have been implemented to prevent this attack. The three steps are: IT systems did not have multi-factor authentication for all its systems. This is a robust method of authentication and was implemented only in certain areas, leaving the rest of their IT less protected. Anthem did not have monitoring technology like intrusion detection systems which can sniff unusual flows of data within their IT network and computer systems. Their compromised database is not encrypted. The main area of vulnerability was that Anthem did not implement two layers of authentication for its employees in all the areas of the computer system, as stated by their CIO. This made it easier for hackers to gain a login and password, and using guessing game and persistence, hackers were able to capture password of database administrators. Further, since there was no multi-layer authentication required for sensitive areas in IT their systems were vulnerable to hacking. Two-way authentications are followed by many financial institutions such as banks. This practice was not practiced implemented in Anthem. As soon as the company discovered the attack, all the systems, and services that did not have two-way authentications were shut down. In addition to this vulnerability, attackers could have also exploited vulnerabilities found in Windows, Java or Adobe. Further to external attacks, insider attack is also possible because some unauthorized queries were found running with administr ator rights. On top of these gaps, Anthem invests significantly in IT in its quest to be the most trusted health care system in the country but met with an impasse (Wall, 2015). What could have been done to prevent the attack? All major enterprise organizations understand there are weaknesses in using technology. In fact, an Anthem spokesman remarked that the company uses data loss prevention technology to monitor network flows, but there was no system to detect suspicious flows. Security experts feel that it is hard to determine if the hack on Anthem was done by an insider or by an external hacking group. Symantec, an IT security solutions firm states that this attack was done by a notorious group named Black Vine based in China (O'Connoor, 2015). However, wherever the roots of this attack lies, the company could have followed certain steps to mitigate such attacks. Implementing two-factor authentication immediately on all systems Protecting all internal systems adequately Keep data secure using encryption with robust storage that will make use of decrypting keys. This can prevent an internal attack. Implement robust and in-depth multi-layer security to protect all systems and the network. In spite of these suggestions, data breaches are not fully preventable. Anthem must develop a dynamic IT security management plan to check against any malicious activity in their systems and network. References Abelson, R., Matthew, G. (2015, February 15). Millions of Anthem Customers Targeted in Cyberattack. Retrieved August 22, 201, from New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/05/business/hackers-breached-data-of-millions-insurer-says.html?_r=0 Anthem. (2015). Report on Anthem Facts. Monroe, WI: Anthem Inc. O'Connoor, F. (2015, February). Symantec: Well-heeled hacking group Black Vine behind Anthem breach. Retrieved August 22, 2016, from Computer World. IDG News Service: https://www.computerworld.com/article/2954715/security/symantec-wellheeled-hacking-group-black-vine-behind-anthem-breach.html Ragan, S. (2015, February 4). Anthem confirms data breach, but full extent remains unknown. Retrieved August 22, 2016, from CSO: https://www.csoonline.com/article/2880352/disaster-recovery/anthem-confirms-data-breach-but-full-extent-remains-unknown.html Wall, J. (2015, February). Anthem's IT system had cracks before hack. Retrieved August 22, 2016, from Indiannapolis Business Journal: https://www.ibj.com/articles/51789-anthems-it-system-had-cracks-before-hack Balakrishnan, A. (2015). Hackers infiltrate Oracle payment system. Retrieved August 21, 2016, from CNBC Cybersecurity: https://www.cnbc.com/2016/08/08/hackers-infiltrate-oracle-payment-system.html KerbsOnSecurity. (2015). Data Breach At Oracles MICROS Point-of-Sale Division. Retrieved August 21, 2016, from KerbsonSecurity. In depth news and security investigation: https://krebsonsecurity.com/2016/08/data-breach-at-oracles-micros-point-of-sale-division/ Shores, R. (2014). Oracle and MICROS Systems. Retrieved August 21, 2016, from Oracle and Micros: https://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/acquisitions/micros/index.html hitteker, W. (2014). Point of Sale systems and security. Executive Summary . Whitepaper from SANS Institute, Infosec Reading Room.

Job Satisfaction, Work Attitude free essay sample

As stated by Black (2001), teachers’ stress is rising due to such factors as greater time constraints, low salaries, excessive work overloads, lack of involvement in decision – making and problems with school disciplines. Teachers suffer, due to in part of to the low-pay-high-cost-of-living gap. Decisions handed from the top down leave teachers feeling like more trainers than educators. Teaching in low performing schools should be a rewarding experience, yet these schools are labelled failures. These are confounded as some educators are seen publicly lambasting others. The education community is on edge. With all the finger pointing and name calling, it is a wonder teacher can push this negativism out of their minds while they turn their full attention on their students (Nichols, 2006). Furthermore, a nationwide survey conducted by the Rural Editorial Service of the University of Chicago reported in July 2006 that job satisfaction depends also such factors as the community’s attitude toward them and the schools, the quality of educational leadership, the amount of responsibility granted to teachers, adequate housing facilities, teacher welfare benefits, and others. In point of fact, there were signal improvements in teachers’ conditions of service throughout the year. New or liberalized retirement plans were authorized by well over half the states, and class registrations were reduced to thirty in Maryland and Arkansas. In the Philippines, one of the major problems in the Department of Education is the shortage of trained and competent teachers. Major reason of this shortfall is that a number of trained teachers turn to other types of employment and some went abroad for greater employment opportunity. Generally, as observed that some teachers are disillusioned, demoralized and confused at being forced to carry out unpopular Government policies, while being constantly blamed for the society’s ills. Some factors might have created dissatisfaction amongst teachers will probably include references to discipline problems created by unruly pupils, class sizes, the introduction of the National Curriculum, and lowered professional status. Additional factors also include level of salaries and benefits, increased work-related pressures, like having too many forms to be filled up, the here and now changes of different proposed programs of the department, the concern over employment security like the most recently problem on the Government Security Insurance System (GSIS) and lessening support for education on the part of political opportunities. As someone who has spent many years working as a schoolteacher at the same time a School In – charge in one of the schools in Davao City, and had continually work closely with teachers especially in the schools in the interland. I have observe that some teachers are somewhat fed up with having to teach children in even larger classes, working in schools which are dilapidated, underfunded and overstretched. Taking in to account that most of these teachers are working away from their home and family and could only go home weekly, or the least once a month due to the distance of the schools they are assigned. However, districts located in the hinterland such as Paquibato, had most number of teacher applicants every year. Reason of this scenario could be the fact that many teachers are applying for transfer to the nearby schools after a one or two years of service and that applicant could be hired easily. Nevertheless, some teachers had tenured in this district up to their retirement period and some had flourished and raised their professional status and positions. The ground for conducting this study is that it is intended to shed light on what influences how teachers feel about their work and profession so that positive job-related attitudes may be cultivated. Theoretical Background The Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, a motivation theory, laid the foundation for job satisfaction theory. It is founded in the premise that goals or needs underpin by being the fundamental source of all desires. This theory explains that people seek to satisfy five specific needs in life – physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, self-esteem needs, and self-actualization. In the levels of the five basic needs, the person does not feel the second need until the demands of the first have been satisfied, nor the third until the second has been satisfied, and so on (Evan,2010). According to Hackman Oldham (2007), Frederick Herzberg’s Two factor theory (also known as Motivator Hygiene Theory) attempts to explain satisfaction and motivation in the workplace. This theory states that satisfaction and dissatisfaction are driven by different factors – motivation and hygiene factors, respectively. An employee’s motivation to work is continually related to job satisfaction of a subordinate. Motivation can be seen as an inner force that drives individuals to attain personal and organizational goals. Motivating factors are those aspects of the job that make people want to perform, and provide people with satisfaction, for example achievement in work, recognition, promotion opportunities. These motivating factors are considered to be intrinsic to the job, or the work carried out. Hygiene factors include aspects of the working environment such as pay, company policies, supervisory practices, and other working conditions. However, Path-Goal Theory contends that the leader must motivate subordinates by: (1) emphasizing the relationship between the subordinates own needs and the organizational goals; (2) clarifying and facilitating the path subordinates must take to fulfill their own needs as well as the organizations needs (google. com,2010) Another well-known job satisfaction theory is the Dispositional Theory (Jackson April 2007). Accordingly, it is a very general theory that suggests that people have innate dispositions that cause them to have tendencies toward a certain level of satisfaction, regardless of one’s job. This approach became a notable explanation of job satisfaction in light of evidence that job satisfaction tends to be stable over time and across careers and jobs. Moreover, a significant model that narrowed the scope of the Dispositional Theory was the Core Self-evaluations Model, proposed by Timothy A. Judge in 1998. Judge argued that there are four Core Self-evaluations that determine one’s disposition towards job satisfaction: self-esteem, general self-efficacy, locus of control, and neuroticism. This model states that higher levels of self-esteem (the value one places on his/her self) and general self-efficacy (the belief in one’s own competence) lead to higher work satisfaction. Having an internal locus of control (believing one has control over her\his own life, as opposed to outside forces having control) leads to higher job satisfaction. Finally, lower levels of neuroticism lead to higher job satisfaction (Wikipedia,2010). Evans (2001), gives eight stages progression for a teacher moving from a modest level of job satisfaction towards a higher level of job satisfaction towards which is helpful. These are the following: first is being aware that there is a problem. Being aware that there is an issue, and agreeing what issue is, is by far the most important aspect of seeking to change a situation. Then devising a strategy. Once they know what the issue is that they are addressing they can start work on devising a strategy to solve it. It is followed by effecting the new strategy. It means that once they have decided what to do, they have to start work on implementing this strategy. Fourth stage is awareness of having made changes work. This implies that there is excellent communication in school. Next stage is perception that this is all worthwhile. By this stage everyone needs to start feeling better about the work being undertaken. Then sixth stage is each teacher needs to feel good about his or her own contribution to the scheme of change. In this way, teachers become not only positive about the change programme, but they also see their contribution as being significant. Seventh is a sense of achievement. This comes from the feeling of a job well done. Lastly is job fulfilment and job comfort. By this stage teachers feel good about themselves and about the job and most important about their ability to affect their meaningful way. However, according to Weis, (2010) job satisfaction can also be seen within the broader context of the range of issues which affect an individuals experience of work, or their quality of working life. Job satisfaction can be understood in terms of its relationships with other key factors, such as general well-being, stress at work, control at work, home-work interface, and working conditions. Stress as defined by Hans Selye, is the non-specific response of the body to any demand made upon it. It is not nervous tension, but the wear and tear of life. Stress describes the effects of the body’s reaction to pressure. The source of stress, called stressor, may be purely physical, social, or psychological. The mind may interpret it as pleasant or unpleasant. Whatever meaning it gives, the mind sends it via two pathways. One pathway, is known as the subconscious appraisal pathway, is responsible for the physical and emotional reflexes of the body. The other pathway, responsible for voluntary actions, is used for perception, evaluation, and decision – making. In this other pathway, the individual is made aware of the environmental demands. As he perceives his situation, he interprets it according to his previous experiences, value system, self-concept, ego-strengths, attitudes and feelings. Emotions are usually aroused which in turn give color to the person’s interpretation (Fabella, 2008). According to Good Health Handbook, life and stress are interwoven with each other. It depends on how you view life and how stress affects you. Stress is a highly individual phenomenon. It is strange in its own way – because when it occurs it becomes difficult for the body and mind to adjust to the pattern of life. However, Fabella stated in his book, that stress can be minimized and channelled for growth and development, and life can be filled with joy, peace, love and security. He added accordingly, that stress- resilient people have been observed to have a specific set of attitudes toward life- an openness to change, a feeling of involvement in whatever they are doing, and a sense of control over events. He further said that man who places his entire self in the sphere of work neglecting love (family) and play (sports, hobbies, socializing, friendships) decreases his overall adaptability. If he defines his existence in terms of achievement in his work, he will find that if for external reasons (i,e. , poor health) or boredom ( loss of interest or loss of faith in his employer) his work loses meaning, then so will his life. He will become demoralized, confused, and unable to function. Mayo Clinic stated that there is a link between work approach and job satisfaction. Work is often approached from three perspectives. Usually all three perspectives are important for job satisfaction, but one is often the priority: First is, Its a job. If you approach work as a job, you focus primarily on the financial rewards. In fact, the nature of the work may hold little interest for you. Whats important is the money. If a job with more pay comes your way, youll likely move on. Next is, Its a career. If you approach work as a career, youre interested in advancement. You want to climb the career ladder as far as possible or be among the most highly regarded professionals in your field. Youre motivated by the status, prestige and power that come with the job. The third is, Its a calling. If you approach your job as a calling, you focus on the work itself. You work less for the financial gain or career advancement than for the fulfillment the work brings. One approach isnt necessarily better than the others. But it is helpful to reflect on why work if unsatisfied with the job and are ready to move on. Think about what originally drew on the current job, and whether it may be a factor in lack of job satisfaction. Additionally, the Clinic noted several ways to increase job satisfaction depending on the underlying cause of the lack of job satisfaction. One is by Improving job skills. Keeping abreast to the new strategies and techniques, and by attending seminars. Developing a new project also helps. Working on something one care about can boost confidence. Mentoring a co-worker. Once a job is mastered, it is a becoming routine. Helping a new co-worker or an intern advance his or her skills can restore the challenge and the satisfaction you desire. However, when personal abilities do not match the responsibilities, boredom will attack. Keep in mind that boredom can literally be deadly if a job involves working with machinery or caring for people, much more on dealing with children. If the mind is wandering to the point that a life or the lives of others is put in jeopardy, take action now. Stay positive. Use positive thinking to reframe thoughts about the job. Changing one’s attitude about work will not necessarily happen overnight or increase job satisfaction overnight. Stop negative thoughts. Put things in perspective. Look for the silver lining. Reframing can help find the good in a bad situation. Learn from mistakes. Failure is one of the greatest learning tools, but many people let failure defeat them. Be grateful. Gratitude can help focus on whats positive about the job.