ICT Project Management and Methodology †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the ICT Project Management and Methodology. Answer: Definition of Project Methodology Project methodology is the five phases of project management, namely, defining, planning, launching, managing and closing. According to Kerzner and Kerzner, 2017, each of these phases address any particular feature for the successful management of a project right from definition until closing of it. Project management can be defined as the application of various methods, procedures, skills, experience and knowledge for achieving the objectives of any particular project. As per Burke, 2013, it is the simple practice of starting, planning, completing, controlling and finally closing the team work for attaining few goals and thus meeting the success criteria in a given time. A project is the temporary venture that is solely designed for producing any unique service, product or result. A project always has a definite starting and ending point and is normally time constrained. Larson and Gray, 2013 state that, the proper management of these projects with the help of management approaches as well as technical skills is known as project management. The main objective of project management is to produce the project by meeting all the criteria within deadline. According to Pinto, 2015, there are several methodologies for project management, viz. Agile, Scrum, Waterfall, PRINCE2, PMBOK and many more. These methodologies help the project manager to complete project management properly. However, there are few drawbacks in the project management methodologies. The most significant challenge or problem in project management is achieving each and every goal and objective of the project within the given time and resources. Schwalbe, 2015 state that, this type of information is always described in the project documentation that is made in the starting of the process of development. There are various constraints in any project. The primary constraints of any particular project are time, scope, budget and quality. The secondary constraint is the optimization of allocation of all the required inputs and further applying them for meeting the previously defined goals and objectives. The requirements provided by the client should be met and the project should be completed within time provided. The methodologies play vital role in the project management life cycle or PLC. The above mentioned five methodologies help the project manager to solve all the procedures within the project that work with project management (Burke, 2015). The most important service provided by the project management methodology is the connection of Internet. There are several standards and disciplines given by the project management methodology, which help to design and create all the objectives of the project. Moreover, these methodologies help to make the project successful. Similarities and Differences between PRINCE2 and PMBOK There are various similarities as well as differences between the two methodologies of PRINCE2 andProject Management Body of Knowledge or PMBOK (Snyder, 2014). The similarities between the two are as follows: i) Project Handling: The most significant similarity between PRINCE2 and PMBOK is that both of them help in handling all the projects, having similar features and also the ability in handling every problematic project (Matos Lopes, 2013). All these methodologies help in inputting unique change, accelerating the change and thus providing all new deliverables for the projects, which can be handled by them. ii) Providing Techniques: The second most important similarity between PRINCE2 and PMBOK is that both of them usually give a particular set of techniques and tools or successfully managing the projects and recreating the project requirements (Burke, 2013). iii) Security: The third major similarity between the two methodology is that both of them are extremely secured and thus the project manager can easily utilize for their project management. In spite of the similarities, there are some of the most significant differences between PRINCE2 and PMBOK (Snyder, 2014). They are as follows: i) Providing Output: The most important difference between PRINCE2 and PMBOK is that PRINCE2 has the capability to provide all types of outputs in the project; whereas PMBOK never gives outputs for few projects with baseline documents and logs. ii) Guidelines: The second difference between PRINCE2 and PMBOK is that PRINCE2 does not have any specific guidelines (Kerzner Kerzner, 2017). however PMBOK has specific guidelines for the perfect selection of tools and techniques, for utilizing them in estimating three points and thus gathering important information. iii) Control on Project: This is the third difference between PRINCE2 and PMBOK. PRINCE2 has a proper control over project and does a complete review on that particular project (Matos Lopes, 2013). However, PMBOK method does not have control over the project and thus it is difficult to keep track of the project. Relating PRINCE2 with Project Life Cycle The methodology of PRINCE2 can be solely related to the project life cycle. The main feature of this particular methodology is that it helps to complete the project successfully and systematically. There are two distinct factors in the PRINCE2 methodology that provides utmost success in the project. The two factors are as follows: i) Management by Stages: This is the first and the foremost factor of PRINCE2 in project life cycle (Turley, 2018). The procedures of the project management are properly managed by stages. It is nearly impossible to manage the project without proper planning. In case of bigger projects, handling cannot be done without steps. Thus, the project processes are segregated in stages for systematic handling. ii) Processes: Since the beginning of the project with the methodology of PRINCE2, usually three processes can be executed out of the seven procedures, included in this particular methodology (Turley, 2018). These above mentioned factors clearly depict the importance and value of the methodology of PRINCE2 in project management. PRINCE2 is extremely important and significant for any project as it helps to reduce the risk as well as complexity of the project. moreover, this methodology is cost effective and thus all project managers can easily afford them. References Burke, R. (2013). Project management: planning and control techniques.New Jersey, USA. Kerzner, H., Kerzner, H. R. (2017).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Larson, E. W., Gray, C. (2013).Project management: The managerial process with MS project. McGraw-Hill. Matos, S., Lopes, E. (2013). Prince2 or PMBOKa question of choice.Procedia Technology,9, 787-794. Pinto, J. K. (2015).Project management: achieving competitive advantage. Prentice Hall. Schwalbe, K. (2015).Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Snyder, C. S. (2014). A guide to the project management body of knowledge: PMBOK () guide.Project Management Institute: Newtown Square, PA, USA. Turley, F. (2018).PRINCE2 Foundation Training Manual. Van Haren.

The Search For New Direction In The Musical. From The American Dream T

The Search For New Direction In The Musical. From The 'American Dream' To The 'Rock Opera'. The Search for New Direction in the musical. From the American Dream to the Rock-Opera. 1950 to 1978 were despondent ones for the musical. American musical theatre had been showing signs of exhaustion. This most seemingly anti-intellectual of genres carries its own ideological project. Before this, the musicals not only exhibited singing and dancing; they were about singing and dancing, explaining the magnitude of that experience. They not only gave the most intense pleasure to their audience but also supplied the justification for that pleasure. The pop songs of the day were the songs from the shows. With the increase in number of radio stations and the availability of portable radios recorded music became the music of the masses. With the arrival of the Beatles in 1964, Rock music exploded across the land sending other musical trends into hibernation! The occasional attempt to break out of the old moulds were unsuccessful and led nowhere. They showed inadequacies; being unmelodic and formless. With rare exceptions, audiences rarely left the theatre singing the show tu nes. Rock and roll couldnt be assimilated in a dramatic structure. The songs didnt tell a story. If rock and roll was used it would mean songs did not enhance and push the story forward, they would be separate from the story. Not until 1960 did Broadway face up to the emerging vogue. Musical theatre accepted rock music grudgingly. The eminence of the British musical has been the most significant theatre phenomenon in the world over the last twenty years. It has not only given British theatres a greatly needed financial boost but has changed popular theatre indefinitely. Never will audiences see new musicals in the style of Oklahoma!, Brigadoon and South Pacific. With these musicals there was a danger of tipping from musical into melodrama. They never throbbed with subtlety because someone was always bursting into song about how every thing was looking just swell. The musical not only wanted to sing away your troubles, but your thoughts as well. The old style musical theatre had no social conscience. Always presented in the traditional proscenium arch, the musical isolated the audience from new ideas and innovations. Due to television broadcasting daily updates on world affairs it is now impossible to believe in the benevolence of the Universe that the likes of Rodgers and Hammerstein wrote about. Todays audien ces can almost find it abhorrent. They are socially aware and informed of current affairs. Musical theatre has advanced technically, intellectually, is universally popular and overflowing with cultural relativism. From 1960 onwards, Broadway came to rely more on its directors, librettists and lyricists. The emphasis of importance being on the directors. Tom OHorgan, Gower Champion, and most of all, Bob Fosse gave the period some of its sustained achievements. These musicals are one of the most collaborative of art forms. Actors no longer had chunks of dialogue interspersed with musical interludes. The musical became seamless, with characters singing when their emotions became too overbearing for speech. The songs encouraged the musical to move forward and not stand still whilst the star sang their showstopper! Stephen Sondheim advocated the conceptual musical. He subordinated every aspect of the work to his personal vision. As a result increasing intellectualised musicals confronted audiences that had frequented the theatre as a means of escape. When a writer is responsible for the book and the lyrics - as, for example, Oscar Hammerstein and Alan Jay Lerner, were - that writer may be more able to regularly address the same concerns than a composer-lyricist can. Nonetheless, Sondheim has managed to create a body of work that is clearly of a piece, despite the fact that many of the shows that he has co-created have been projects that were brought to him by his collaborators, not ideas that he originated. Undoubtedly, part of the explanation for this is that he tends to work with writers and directors who are in tune with his worldview. Furthermore, however much Sondheim may see himself as someone who enjoys and is good at imitating another writer's style (as he stated in a conversation with Sam Mendes that was broadcast when Mendes's

Legal aspects of purchasing Essay Example

Legal aspects of purchasing Essay Deer what conditions might purchasers be personally liable for contracts they enter into? If you misrepresent your authority by: Making a false statement concerning authority with intent to deceive, or when misrepresentation has the natural and probable consequence of deception. Carrying out a detrimental act without authority, even though believing they have such authority. Performing an act that is itself illegal, even on authority from the employer. Deliberately performing an act that results In damage to anyone and acting outside the scope of their authority, even though the act Is performed with the purpose of enduring the employer a valuable service. Is an oral contract legally enforceable? Under what conditions? There are 6 conditions for an oral contract to be legally enforceable; the major ones are offer, acceptance and consideration. The other three minor ones are intent to have an agreement, capability issue (e. G. Under aged) and it has to be a legal act. Ender these conditions an oral contract is legally enforceable. What authority does a supply manager have to make decisions that are binding on the principal? What responsibility do purchasing agents have for the consequences of their decisions? The same authority that a purchasing manager would have; a Job offer letter, Job description, employment agreement, specific instructions for example on what sort of materials you are entitled to buy or supply, company policies or procedures that details the job responsibility and levels of authority and common business practices. We will write a custom essay sample on Legal aspects of purchasing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Legal aspects of purchasing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Legal aspects of purchasing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The responsibilities of a purchasing agent are to perform his or her assigned duties to the fullest extent of their ability In a loyal, honest and careful manner. A purchasing officer may become accountable to the employer when damage occurs because of his or her negligence. The employer need to be informed consistently about detailed actions taken to accomplish those functions, and also what sort of results those actions have produced. Commercial documents should be kept organized and detailed for the employers and employees protection, as well as to conform to stipulated regulatory and legal requirements. It is important for the buyer to be clear with whoever he deals with to know that he is representing on behalf of a company to avoid personal liability so that they are able to hold the principal responsible for any action that needs to be taken.

hedging essays

hedging essays Currency and Hedging As business becomes increasingly global more and more firms find it necessary to pay careful attention to foreign exchange exposure and to design and implement appropriate hedging strategies. Exchange rate risk is the unexpected exchange rate changes creating variability in the domestic currency value of current and future cash flows of a company. Foreign exchange risk management begins by identifying what items and amounts a firm has exposed to risk associated with changes in exchange rates. Exchange rate risk thus depends upon how "volatile" exchange rates are and the size of the "exposure" to exchange rate changes meaning the amount of cash flows whose domestic currency value is sensitive to exchange rate changes. Foreign exchange exposure is usually categorized according to whether it falls into one or more of the following categories, for example there are transaction exposure, economic exposure and translation exposure. Transaction exposure is concerned with how changes in exchange rates affect the value of anticipated foreign currency denominated cash flows relating to transactions already entered into. By failing to cover transaction exposure, a firm may incur a vast loss on a single very large receivable or payable denominated in a foreign currency. This may result in an overall loss for the firm in a particular financial period which could in its turn, lead to financial distress. Economic exposure refers to the possibility that the present value of future operating cash flows of a business, expressed in home currency, may be affected by a change in foreign exchange rates. According to purchasing power parity theory, exchange rate changes are associated with different relative rates of inflation. Translation or accounting exposure arises as a result of the process of consolidation of foreign currency items into group financial statements denominate ...

Analyze the letter written by Galileo Galilei to the Grand Duchess Essay

Analyze the letter written by Galileo Galilei to the Grand Duchess Christina of Tuscany - Essay Example He reiterates his loyalty to the Catholic Church and, at the same time, justifies his support of the Copernican theory of the heliocentric universe. Galileo Galilei: Letter to the Grand Duchess Galileo Galilei may be considered to be the Father of modern science. His letter to the Grand Duchess Christina of Tuscany, written in 1615, is one to the most famous epistles in scientific history. It demonstrates the conflict between science and religion, and Galileo’s attempt to strike a balance between the two. As the protege of the late Ferdinando I de Medici, the Grand Duke of Tuscany, and the mentor of his son, Cosimo II de Medici, Galileo enjoyed a close relationship with the politically powerful and influential Medici clan. With his outspoken support for the heliocentric theory of Copernicus, Galileo was already at loggerheads with the conservative adherents of the geocentric theory and the church hierarchy. In this letter, he seeks â€Å"to justify myself in the eyes of all m en† (Galileo, 1615. P. 11). In this context, his letter to the Grand Duchess may be considered a device used by Galileo to publicize and justify his stand on the issue, to canvass the support of the Medici family, and to attempt to seek reconciliation with the church by clearing the air of the controversy which continued to dog his works. Throughout the letter, Galileo remains firm in reiterating his loyalty to the Catholic Church, its Council and its Supreme Pontiff, the Pope. Even when Galileo passionately defends experimental science, he reiterates his identity as a staunch Catholic. His intimate relationship with the Catholic Church cannot be denied. He initially studied for the priesthood, and was on friendly terms with Cardinal Bellarmine and Pope Urban VII. His two daughters, Virginia and Livia, became nuns at the Franciscan convent of St. Mathew, near Florence (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2010). Galileo’s belief in God is clearly stated. He sees the Div ine Maker revealed in nature’s actions. To him, his work in astronomy and his belief in God are but two mutually reconciled facets of his life. Galileo poignantly asserts his faith in God, and its expression in his work, with the words â€Å"the glory and greatness of Almighty God are marvelously discerned in all his works and divinely read in the open book of heaven† (Galileo, 1615.P22). He considers the faculty of reason to be a divine gift given to man. It is evident that he is deliberately assuming a placatory tone and is determined not to antagonize the Church, as far as possible. He declares, â€Å"I proceed with --- piety† (Galileo, 1615. P.12). Again, regarding the Bible, theologians and Church Councils, he firmly asserts that â€Å"I hold these to be of supreme authority† (Galileo, 1915. P12). He declares himself as willing to admit to any mistakes based on religious ignorance and is ready to submit to the church’s stand on the Copernican system. He does not claim from his works â€Å"any fruit that is not pious and Catholic† (Galileo, 1615. P.13). He makes his position with respect to the Church very clear by unequivocally stating, â€Å"that divine wisdom surpasses all human judgment and conjecture† (Galileo. 1615. P.15). He professes his â€Å"extraordinary esteem for the passages of holy Scripture† (Galileo, 1615. P18). Galileo attempts to clearly differentiate between his critics and adversaries, and the Church authorities. He denounces the former in the

Influence of Religion on Developing Societies Research Paper

Influence of Religion on Developing Societies - Research Paper Example In order to appreciate more clearly the role that religion plays in developing societies, it is important to understand the concept of religion. Religion refers to a social system of beliefs and attitudes regarding objects, people, the sacred/divine and morality. Religion has made key contributions to societal development in the past as it does today. This paper elucidates the complementary nature of religion and development. Research has shown that one of the most significant contributions that any religion makes to societal development is by playing its role as a means of enforcing morality to society members. In societies where there is a prevalent belief in God and a substantial number of the members of society are religious, the moral value of integrity is also prevalent. As such, the resources in such societies are more likely to be fairly distributed to all members of society; this is because those who are in charge of the distribution of resources work with integrity. This contributes to the holistic development of the society. Furthermore, in a society that is prevalently religious, members of such societies are less likely to be distrustful of firms/companies’ ethics since such companies also have ‘religious’ employees who share similar moral values.... According to Weber, the reformation emphasized moral values, such as hard work, austerity, frugality, and loyalty to interests of the group. These values, according to Weber, were the cornerstone of capitalism, which led to intensified economic development (Weber, 1992). Another way in which religion influences developing societies is through its ability to promote the development of personal characteristics, which promote higher productivity among societal members. Such traits include (but are not limited to): a work ethic, prudence in financial spending, integrity and sincerity (Cohen, 2002). Studies indicate that people who possess such characteristics are likely to be more productive and, hence, they contribute more to a society’s economic development. These traits are also invaluable to social development since they encourage productive social interaction. One of the moral traits that members of most developing societies are mostly urged to develop and nurture is hard wor k. Some religions even regard hard work as a God-given responsibility that all human beings should fulfill. As such, religious leaders encourage members of their religions – followers -- to be diligent in everything. Since hard work is required to sustain development; religion, therefore, serves a crucial role in fostering development in societies. Furthermore, religions, such as Christianity and Islam, urge their followers to use hard work as a means of avoiding idleness, which can lead to immorality. Because of this, religion is an effective tool in development since it discourages the undertaking on non-productive activities, such as crime and laziness, and it encourages members to engage in productive endeavors. By promoting the concept of honest living,

Is democracy valuable If so, why If not, why not Essay - 1

Is democracy valuable If so, why If not, why not - Essay Example These two principles ensure that people of a given country are treated equally before the law as well as having equal entitlement to access the legislative (Gil 12). This essay will focus on answering the question of whether democracy is valuable or not while providing concise reasons to support the argument. However, the researcher will take a neutral position in this hot debate. Democracy has an extensive past with a classical example of early democracy being the Athens. People in this city would all meet in a market place to pass decisions. In the modern world, various types of democracy are based on different ideologies. They include liberal, guided, consociation, radical as well as socialist democracies (Gil 32). Liberal democracy is termed as the most relevant democracy in today’s world. It ensures that interests of the people are protected and well represented. In this form of democracy state acts as a referee with the political process checking and balancing to ensure that tyranny of the majority does not happen may it be from the presence of larger number of representatives or minorities who have excessive powers. Citizens participate in this type of democracy by means of electoral competition or contestation all people are treated equally (Gil 22). Democracy can be termed as the most superior form of governance even though the statement might be debatable depending on a number of factors such as place of origin, culture, and beliefs among others. First, democracy plays a major role in preventing any form of ruling by vicious and cruel autocrats or dictators. Secondly, countries with this type of governance tend to be more successful that those with non-democratic government. Thirdly, the modern representatives of democracy do not engage in wars or fights amongst themselves since each understands that his or her opponents have a right to disagree with their opinion. Fourthly and the most