Comparing Webers and Durkheims Methodological Contributions to Sociol

Comparing Weber's and Durkheim's Methodological Contributions to Sociology This essay will be examining the methodological contributions both Durkheim and Weber have provided to sociology. It will briefly observe what Positivists are and how their methodologies influence and affect their research. It will also consider what interpretative sociology is, and why their type of methodology is used when carrying out research. It will analyse both Durkheim's study of Suicide and also Webers study of The Protestant work ethic, and hopefully establish how each methodology was used for each particular piece of research, and why. Emile Durkhiem, in sociology terminology is considered to be a Functionalist, in addition to also being a Positivist, however, strictly speaking, Durkheim was not a Positivist. This is because he did not follow the positivist rule that states that sociological study should be confined to observable or directly measurable phenomena. Functionalists believe that in order for society to function correctly, there need to be shared values to help maintain social order. Society is viewed as a stable, orderly system. This stable system is in equilibrium and reflects societal consensus where the majority of members share a common set of values, beliefs, and social expectations. Functionalists also believe that society consists of interrelated parts; each part serves a function and contributes to the stability of the society. Positivists believe that as a science, sociology can be objective and value-free. Disinterested scientific observers shouldn't and don't necessarily introduce bias into the research process. ... ...our different types of suicide, and that most suicides can fall into one of those categories. Although sociologists like J.D. Douglas would question the reliability of the statistics, due to the coroners decision being final, most sociologists would agree that Durkheim's study into suicide was successful, and indeed many have tried to develop and improve on his theory. Overall, this essay has shown that one type of methodology may not always be suitable for the particular research carried out. Both Interpretative sociology and the Positivist approach equally show that they are valid methods for carrying out research, but like everything, nothing is one hundred percent accurate. Therefore, there is always room for flaw, but in the study of Sociology, there is always room for more ways of obtaining and interpreting data.

Once Upon A Family Essay

In the book (Daley, 2007) â€Å"Once Upon A Family† by author Margaret Daley, we read about a character by the name of Sean Williams who is helped by his principal at Cimarron High, where he attends school, by the name of Peter Stone. Laura Williams was extremely nervous as she stands before the high school principal, who is tall, dark and handsome, as she worries so much for her oldest child who had always been a good student. Peter Stone explains that Sean wasn’t willing to talk very much about the fight that he took part in and wonders if the new move had anything to do with this sudden change in Sean’s behavior. Peter takes a special interest in Sean’s mother and realizes that he can help her, her family and himself in finding completeness in their lives. Peter Stone lives on a beautiful ranch and is a religious man who learns not only to care for Sean, but also for his mother; Laura and Sean’s siblings. The Williams family attend Peter’s church many times and learn that God has special intentions for their lives and also that all problems can be solved through prayer. Laura Williams is a good hearted, self-sacrificing widow, while Peter Stone worked at his job at the high school where he could make a difference in the lives of the young and attended church, faithfully to fulfill his religious needs, but he still needed the Williams family in his life to fill an empty void and just as desperately as they needed him. We learn from this book that God has a special way of bringing people together and he always knows exactly what we need.

Essay on Drugs and Prision - 1058 Words

According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, in the last few years, prisoners serving time for drug related chargers made up almost 50% of sentenced prisoners under federal jurisdiction. With the highest amount of drug related incarnations, The United States has a staggering 6.8 million Americans struggling with drug abuse. It is without doubt that the prison population is driven largely by incarceration for drug offenses. It is often argued whether the punishment fits the crime, and often questioned if the government is wasting money on prisoners incarcerated for drug related offenses. With this in mind, I believe the punishments for drug related offenses are not harsh, and in fact with the increasing amount of drug users and drug†¦show more content†¦She does not oppose the punishments given to her students’, but rather sympathizes for the reasoning behind why they are there. Boufis says she is â€Å"always happy to see my former students again, even in jail; at least I know that they are alive and safe (Boufis 72). It is understood that a large amount of drug related offenses make up the population of state and federal prisons. Many people including Amanda Coyne believe minor offenses such as drug crimes are made a bigger deal then they actually are. I believe drugs are controlling in the sense that this crime is repeated over and over again, and besides the issue itself the influence of drugs can cause other crimes as well. In â€Å"The Long Good-bye,† Coyne’s nephew asks â€Å"Is my Mommy a bad guy (Coyne 61)?† Coyne says this question that will haunt someone. She says in a few years she will have to explain to her nephew â€Å"†¦mandatory minimums, and the war on drugs, and the murky conspiracy laws, and the enormous amount of money and time that federal agents pump into imprisoning low-level drug dealers and those who happen to be their friends and their lovers (Coyne 61).† Coyne also presents the idea that she would like her nephew to be raised as she was â€Å"†¦with the idea that we live in the best country in the world with the bestShow MoreRelatedRehabilitation Over Incarceration : Persuasive Speech1736 Words   |  7 Pagesjudge agreed the punishment did not fit the crime. Timothy Tyler, a 25 years old who had long struggled with schizophrenia and addiction was caught distributing LSD at a grateful dead concerts and was sentenced to life in prison because of two previous drug related misdemeanors. Attention Getter: Nelson Mandela once said: â€Å"It is said that no one truly knows a nation until one has been inside its jails. A nation should not be judged by how it treats its highest citizens, but its lowest ones.† StatementRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is More Expensive Than Housing1610 Words   |  7 Pagesof the using of lethal injections or electrocution? After all the rope method can be reinstated, the rope is reusable. It would be beneficial to tax payers for the government to come up with a less costly alternative, â€Å"great value† generic execution drug† to cut the cost of the death penalty. Expediting the trial process is another way the death penalty could be cut in cost. Death row inmates in the United States typically spend over a decade awaiting execution. Some prisoners have been on death rowRead MoreThe Adult Offender Essay615 Words   |  3 Pagesunder supervision and there are more offenders that are sentenced with drug and property offences. Correctional supervision also includes people out on bond, probation and parole. 2. Compare the increase in females versus males in terms of the number under correctional supervision. There has been a dramatic increase in the number of females under supervision on 1999, 21% were on probation and 11% in local jails, 6% in prision and 12% on parole. By 2010 the female population was 6.8%. The annualRead MoreThe Mexican Cartel Is A Ruthless Crime Origination1182 Words   |  5 PagesThe Mexican cartel is a ruthless crime origination. It controls Mexico through bribes and fear. There are many factions of the cartel, and they are at constant war with one another. They war over many reasons from drugs to human trafficking. These battles often spill out into the streets causing the loose of many innocent lives. The cartel has a strangle hold on the Mexican people. The cartels operate much like other organized crime groups. Like the Mafia there are many factions. Each factionRead More Women Have the Right to Choose Abortion Essay1599 Words   |  7 Pagesprices of these abortions ranged from about $83 for white women to about $45 for women in prision or African American women. There are currently two types of abortions, medical abortions and surgical abortions. A medical abortion is done without surgery. There are two steps to this abortion. First the woman is either given an injection of a drug called methotrexate or a tablet called mifepristone. These drugs stop the pregnancy. Next the woman is given Misoprostol, which may be recieved in eitherRead MoreAddiction And Its Effects On Children1805 Words   |  8 Pagesthrough one of his drinking buddies. Over the course of the next few years he slowly drank more and more and began disregarding his responsibilities around the house and had more arguments. After the death of his two brothers (who both died due to drugs and alcohol), Jeff lost it. His daughter recalled an incident where he threatened to kill her and ripped off the banister, only to fall asleep shortly after. It was at this point his family learned he was using cocaine and possibly other substancesRead MoreUtopia Z Essay2908 Words   |  12 Pagescollects them and turns them into fresh nice smelling farming soil. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Utopia Z, has many domes insuring that life will be safe, some domes include, Recreation dome, Government dome, Storage dome, Construction plant, a prision and an Ariculture dome. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;People get from their homes to these places by space suction that sucks nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;capsules from one end to the other in approxamitly thirty second. Twenty people can fitRead MoreHow It All Began. I Chose To Interview My Sister’S Boyfriend,1926 Words   |  8 Pagesother drugs. The First Encounter When he was fifteen he had his first encounter with the police, and he explained that it occurred after the police profiled him for his â€Å"long hair and tye-dyed shirt.† When they searched him they found what he described as a â€Å"tiny nug of weed† in his backpack which caused the police to treat him as if he the intention of selling it. The police took a common adolescent’s misbehavior , like smoking pot, and proceeded to criminalize Jon, by marking him as a drug dealerRead MoreHistory of Fda2718 Words   |  11 PagesHistory of the FDA From a staff of one to over 9,000, the Food and Drug Administration has seen great changes since it was first created in 1862. Stemming from a single chemist in the U.S. Department of agriculture, the FDA now encompasses most food products, both human and animal drugs, cosmetics and animal feed. The FDA received it start under a different name. First called the Division of Chemistry, which played a small part in everyday life, then in July of 1901, the name was again changedRead MoreFederal Prison And Addiction: What Are The Treatment Options?2670 Words   |  11 Pagesit was found that 68 percent of offenders reported symptoms of addiction in the year before their admission to jail that met addiction criteria. 16 percent of convicted offenders report they have committed their offense in order to get money for drugs. 63 percent of offenders who met addiction criteria had participated in some form of treatment in the past (James Karberg, 2005). Because convicted offenders tend to be locked up for longer periods than jail offenders, treatment possibilities in

The Twins And Their Effects On The Makeup Of Individual...

A pair of identical twin girls were surrendered to an adoption agency in New York City in the late 1960s. The twins, who are known in psychological literature as Amy and Beth, might have gone through life in obscurity had they not come to the attention of Dr. Peter Neubauer, a prominent psychiatrist at New York University s Psychoanalytic Institute and a director of the Freud Archives. Neubauer believed at the time that twins posed such a burden to parents, and to themselves in the form of certain developmental hazards, that adopted twins were better off being raised separately, with no knowledge of their twinship. Neubauer also recognized the exceptional research possibilities such a separation offered. Studies of twins reared apart are one of the most powerful tools that scholars have to analyze the relative contributions of heredity and environment to the makeup of individual human natures. Identical twins are rare, however, and twins who have been separated and brought up in different families are particularly unusual. Neubauer was aware of a mere handful of studies examining twins reared apart, and in most cases the twins being studied had been separated for only part of their childhoods and were reunited at some point long before the study began. Here was an opportunity to look at twins from the moment they were separated, and to trace them through childhood, observing at each stage of development the parallel or diverging courses of their lives. Because theShow MoreRelatedAdoption : Nature Vs Nurture1216 Words   |  5 PagesJan, 12, 2016 Adoption Nature vs Nurture What makes someone an unique individual? Centuries of ancestors, genetics, evolution and heredity, or is what makes someone who they are based simply on how they were raised and what sort of environment they were raised in? The idea of Nature vs Nurture was created in 1869 in a book called Hereditary Genius by Francis Galton. In his book, he explains his findings on his exploration of the inheritance and evolution of human traits. The issue and debateRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Nature Or Nurture874 Words   |  4 Pages Nature or Nurture. Nature may be all of the genes and hereditary factors with which influence them to become who they are such as physical appearances and personality characteristics. Nurturing impacts people’s lives as well as how they are raised and all the environmental factors. In combination, these qualities can be the true identity of oneself. Many people may argue that nurture appears to a play huge factor in the two, but others may think otherwise. Not having both as a characteristic canRead More Nature and Nuture Essay713 Words   |  3 PagesThe question is this: How can we distinguish between the environmental causes of behavior and heredity causes? This question embodies the nature-nurture issue. John B. Watson argued that each is made, not born. He discounted the importance of heredity, maintaining that behavior is managed entirely by the environment. Indeed he boldly claimed: Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own special world to bring them up in and Ill guarantee to take any one at random and train himRead MoreGenetic and Environmental Influences on Individual Intelligence1296 Words   |  6 PagesThe evidence for genetic contribution to individual intelligence are (1) Family studies indicate that intelligence occurs in families, (2) Twin studies illustrate a greater link within identical twins in IQ than between non-identical, or fraternal , twins. This is true even when identical twins raised apart are contrasted with fraternal twins reared together. (3) Adoption studies suggest that adopted children are slightly comparable to their biological parents in intelligence. The focus here isRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture Debate1427 Words   |  6 Pageshave better moral development, compared to children whose parents use authoritarian methods and punishment.† The nature Vs nurture debate has been around since 1690 created by the philosopher John Locke who believed we as humans do not have natural, inborn ideas; that our minds are a blank page, upon which experience shall write. Nurture is everything and nature is simply nothing. â€Å"Nature is what we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors. NurtureRead MorePhysical And Behavioral Changes Of A Child s Temperament, And Capacities That Are Inherited From One s Parents1602 Words   |  7 PagesQuetext About Widget FAQ Contact Nature refers to â€Å"traits, abilities, and capacities that are inherited from one’s parents†. For instance, having blue or brown eyes, blonde or dark brown hair, and even athletic performance. In human development, nature is actively in control of the growth of an individual from the moment the embryo becomes a fetus continuing until adulthood. During a process known as maturation, genes and tendencies not evident upon birth develop gradually. Among the many physicalRead MoreHow Hereditary And Environment Has Affected The People Around Me1457 Words   |  6 Pagesthe powerful factors that contribute to the formation of human personality. It influences man’s social behavior too too. It is through the process of heredity that children normally get some of the physical and psychological characteristics of their parents. Heredity refers to the biological process of transmission of certain biological and psychological characteristics from parents to their children through what are known as genes. Human society is not only dynamic but also diverse. DifferencesRead MoreThe Nature Versus Nurture Debate Essay1911 Words   |  8 Pagesabout as much when behavior is the topic. This is how the nature versus nurture debate came about. Scientists who believe in the nature theory believe that people behave the way they do due to heredity and genes. On the other hand, nurture scientists believes behavior is taught and influenced by the environment and the surrounding people. Many say that behavior results from nature, while others believe in the opposite, the environment. Human development has been viewed as one of the most highly controversialRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : Nature Versus Nurture Essay1939 Words   |  8 PagesNature versus Nurture You got your dark brown hair from your father and you got your looks from your mother, but where did you get your excitement for sports and your love for all animals? A person’s physical characteristics lean more towards genes and heredity, but our genes are not mentioned as much when behavior is the topic. This is how the nature versus nurture debate first began. Scientists who believe in the nature theory believe that people behave the way they do due to heredity and genesRead MoreThe Power of Nature and Nurture Essay1562 Words   |  7 Pagesdebate on nature versus nurture has been a mystery for years, constantly begging the question of whether human behavior, ideas, and feelings are innate or learned over time. Nature, or genetic influences, are formed before birth and finely-tuned through early experiences. Genes are viewed as long and complicated chains that are present throughout life and develop over time. Nature supporters believe that genes form a childs conscience and determine ones approach to life, contrasting with nature is the

The Invention and Evolution of Television Essay - 781 Words

The Invention and Evolution of Television The television is an invention that without a doubt changed the world. Televisions have been available for the public to own since the early ‘40s. Like every invention the Television’s popularity started off slow. At the end of World War Two about 8,000 households owned a television. At this point in time televisions were all black and white, small, and had no more than a few channels to choose from. The programming consisted of entertainment and there was little focus on news. One of the main reasons for this was that with the technology they were not able to broadcast up to date news programs. In 1962 Telstar was launched. Telstar was the first private communications satellite, and it†¦show more content†¦This further created space for more channels and for the content to be broadcasted more clearly. With all of the technological changes in the television there were far more social changed domestically and internationally because of its invention and progression. One of the most important effects television has had on society is the way we get our news. Many people know what is going on in the world because of television. They get all of their news form it, and with out it would have little idea of what is going on in the world. The invention of television made it possible for people to actually see what was going on in the world, opposed to radio and newspaper where you can only hear and read what is happening. The fact that you could now see the news brought a bought great social change in many aspects of society. The presidential debates were now broadcasted over the television an people could now base their decision on appearance, also the Vietnam war was in a way broadcasted through television, revealing the brutality for all of society to see. Vietnam was also the first Ame rican war to bring out a great deal of protestors. This may have been due to its broadcasting over television. It is also arguable that television dictates how the majority of society acts in general. People especially kids try to emulate the way people act, dress and basically do everything. And all they are emulating is what the large corporations, which controlShow MoreRelatedJksdjk1067 Words   |  5 PagesThe Invention of Television † Student’s name: Ahmed masoud Al Reyami H00134790 Fahad Ahmed H00247616 Abdullah yaqoob Mrs.: Julie Richards The Invention of Television ------------------------------------------------- When you ask the question--who invented television, you may get a few different answers! Television was not invented by a single inventor, instead many people working together and alone over the years, contributed to the evolution of television. * In Sorbonne, France1922Read MoreIs Television Our Utopia? Essay578 Words   |  3 Pages Television is a technological advancement that is contributing to our idea of utopia. Peoples â€Å"Utopia† means that everything is perfect. Television plays a big impact to this view. Mitchell Stephens lets readers know that, â€Å"Since the first television was successfully demonstrated in 1927†¦Ã¢â‚¬  it gave people a little glimpse as to what could possibly happen next. Now, in 2014 it lets everyone have anything from news to entertainment in the palm of their hands. Before the invention of the televisionRead MoreThe 1920s and the Foundations of Today Essay examples1578 Words   |  7 Pagesexemplified a new era of wealth, prosperity, and change. The 1920s were a time of social changes, cultural conflicts, and political change. New ways of life, including the flapper lifestyle, played a big role in shaping the new generation. Machines and inventions fabricated mor e free time, while simultaneously higher wages were a result of the expanding prosperity. However, this prosperity brought downsides and corruption. For example, alcohol was prohibited in the 1920s. Many who opposed this law wentRead MoreEvolution Of Television And Its Impact On Society1054 Words   |  5 PagesEvolution of Television Introduction How has the television evolved since it was created? There is a whole variety of answers to this question varying from the affects the television has on people to the way the television has technologically changed and advanced. My goal is to answer both of those questions today. Televisions are a huge part of people’s everyday lives. They have made an enormous impact on society because the television allows them to be aware of current events. At this day in ageRead MoreRadio Communication : Radio And Radio1396 Words   |  6 Pagesand he was the first to prove that it could transmit and receive electric waves wirelessly. Fun fact is that every building block of radio and every frequency measurement is named after him (the Hertz). Edwin Armstrong created the FM radio. â€Å"His inventions are considered by many to provide the foundation for cell phones.† An Italian creator named Guglielmo Marconi introduced the first uses for wireless telegraphy to European navies. Over 700 people survived the Titanic disaster because of his radioRead MoreLight Bulbs : The Invention That Changed The World895 Words   |  4 PagesLight bulbs: The Invention that Changed the World In our contemporary American society, we tend to take for granted the incredible inventions that surround us daily. From the inventions of cell phones to hybrid cars, new innovations shape our daily lives. One important invention transformed the American lifestyle and increased productivity: Light bulbs. In 1879, Thomas Alva Edison developed an incandescent light bulb that used platinum filaments, which was later replaced in 1880 with a carbonizedRead MoreApple Inventions have Changed the Progress of Technology693 Words   |  3 PagesApple’s invention have absolutely changed the progress of technology and have left important benefits in industry’s history. Before the invention of Apple, devices were extremely hard to understand and to work with it. With the development of Apple products; the industry in computers have rapidly improve locating Apple as one of the best worldwide computer and cellphone seller. With the time, Apple have had many changes in the company i tself, such as; the invention of new products, the finances ofRead MoreEstablishing a popular culture or becoming a celebrity has been a desire of many. The rewards in1200 Words   |  5 Pagesmanner in which individuals have sought to bring themselves to the attention of others and, not incidentally, have gained power over them. The desire to accomplish recognition is both universal and timeless, and Steve Jobs made it to the top with his invention of the iPhone, not only in the United States, but also across the world. One of the main factors that really fuelled iPhone to become a pop culture was Apple’s competition with Google. In this regard, it turned out that Google, whose former CEORead MoreHow To Encourage People To Use Technology 793 Words   |  3 PagesHow To Encourage People To Use Technology  The evolution of modern technology has certainly changed the way we live. Indeed, modern technology has evolved enormously and rapidly in recent years and has brought with it changes in our life of beneficial changes, and other harmful. What are the advantages of modern technology? (Legris, P., Ingham, J., Collerette, 2003) How is it harmful to humans? The evolution of technology has been beneficial to humans for several reasons. First, it facilitatesRead MoreThe Music Of Music Videos Essay1714 Words   |  7 PagesMusic composed for television generate another realm of modes and codes that differ even from the coding within film. Television has the opportunity to utilise music as an instrument for supporting narratives within television series and as means for marketing through commercials. Blaine Allan, explores the relationship between music and television within his journal article, Music Cinema, Music Video, Music Television. The main focal point of this resource is the functi on of visual aspects within

ICT Project Management and Methodology †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the ICT Project Management and Methodology. Answer: Definition of Project Methodology Project methodology is the five phases of project management, namely, defining, planning, launching, managing and closing. According to Kerzner and Kerzner, 2017, each of these phases address any particular feature for the successful management of a project right from definition until closing of it. Project management can be defined as the application of various methods, procedures, skills, experience and knowledge for achieving the objectives of any particular project. As per Burke, 2013, it is the simple practice of starting, planning, completing, controlling and finally closing the team work for attaining few goals and thus meeting the success criteria in a given time. A project is the temporary venture that is solely designed for producing any unique service, product or result. A project always has a definite starting and ending point and is normally time constrained. Larson and Gray, 2013 state that, the proper management of these projects with the help of management approaches as well as technical skills is known as project management. The main objective of project management is to produce the project by meeting all the criteria within deadline. According to Pinto, 2015, there are several methodologies for project management, viz. Agile, Scrum, Waterfall, PRINCE2, PMBOK and many more. These methodologies help the project manager to complete project management properly. However, there are few drawbacks in the project management methodologies. The most significant challenge or problem in project management is achieving each and every goal and objective of the project within the given time and resources. Schwalbe, 2015 state that, this type of information is always described in the project documentation that is made in the starting of the process of development. There are various constraints in any project. The primary constraints of any particular project are time, scope, budget and quality. The secondary constraint is the optimization of allocation of all the required inputs and further applying them for meeting the previously defined goals and objectives. The requirements provided by the client should be met and the project should be completed within time provided. The methodologies play vital role in the project management life cycle or PLC. The above mentioned five methodologies help the project manager to solve all the procedures within the project that work with project management (Burke, 2015). The most important service provided by the project management methodology is the connection of Internet. There are several standards and disciplines given by the project management methodology, which help to design and create all the objectives of the project. Moreover, these methodologies help to make the project successful. Similarities and Differences between PRINCE2 and PMBOK There are various similarities as well as differences between the two methodologies of PRINCE2 andProject Management Body of Knowledge or PMBOK (Snyder, 2014). The similarities between the two are as follows: i) Project Handling: The most significant similarity between PRINCE2 and PMBOK is that both of them help in handling all the projects, having similar features and also the ability in handling every problematic project (Matos Lopes, 2013). All these methodologies help in inputting unique change, accelerating the change and thus providing all new deliverables for the projects, which can be handled by them. ii) Providing Techniques: The second most important similarity between PRINCE2 and PMBOK is that both of them usually give a particular set of techniques and tools or successfully managing the projects and recreating the project requirements (Burke, 2013). iii) Security: The third major similarity between the two methodology is that both of them are extremely secured and thus the project manager can easily utilize for their project management. In spite of the similarities, there are some of the most significant differences between PRINCE2 and PMBOK (Snyder, 2014). They are as follows: i) Providing Output: The most important difference between PRINCE2 and PMBOK is that PRINCE2 has the capability to provide all types of outputs in the project; whereas PMBOK never gives outputs for few projects with baseline documents and logs. ii) Guidelines: The second difference between PRINCE2 and PMBOK is that PRINCE2 does not have any specific guidelines (Kerzner Kerzner, 2017). however PMBOK has specific guidelines for the perfect selection of tools and techniques, for utilizing them in estimating three points and thus gathering important information. iii) Control on Project: This is the third difference between PRINCE2 and PMBOK. PRINCE2 has a proper control over project and does a complete review on that particular project (Matos Lopes, 2013). However, PMBOK method does not have control over the project and thus it is difficult to keep track of the project. Relating PRINCE2 with Project Life Cycle The methodology of PRINCE2 can be solely related to the project life cycle. The main feature of this particular methodology is that it helps to complete the project successfully and systematically. There are two distinct factors in the PRINCE2 methodology that provides utmost success in the project. The two factors are as follows: i) Management by Stages: This is the first and the foremost factor of PRINCE2 in project life cycle (Turley, 2018). The procedures of the project management are properly managed by stages. It is nearly impossible to manage the project without proper planning. In case of bigger projects, handling cannot be done without steps. Thus, the project processes are segregated in stages for systematic handling. ii) Processes: Since the beginning of the project with the methodology of PRINCE2, usually three processes can be executed out of the seven procedures, included in this particular methodology (Turley, 2018). These above mentioned factors clearly depict the importance and value of the methodology of PRINCE2 in project management. PRINCE2 is extremely important and significant for any project as it helps to reduce the risk as well as complexity of the project. moreover, this methodology is cost effective and thus all project managers can easily afford them. References Burke, R. (2013). Project management: planning and control techniques.New Jersey, USA. Kerzner, H., Kerzner, H. R. (2017).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Larson, E. W., Gray, C. (2013).Project management: The managerial process with MS project. McGraw-Hill. Matos, S., Lopes, E. (2013). Prince2 or PMBOKa question of choice.Procedia Technology,9, 787-794. Pinto, J. K. (2015).Project management: achieving competitive advantage. Prentice Hall. Schwalbe, K. (2015).Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Snyder, C. S. (2014). A guide to the project management body of knowledge: PMBOK () guide.Project Management Institute: Newtown Square, PA, USA. Turley, F. (2018).PRINCE2 Foundation Training Manual. Van Haren.

The Search For New Direction In The Musical. From The American Dream T

The Search For New Direction In The Musical. From The 'American Dream' To The 'Rock Opera'. The Search for New Direction in the musical. From the American Dream to the Rock-Opera. 1950 to 1978 were despondent ones for the musical. American musical theatre had been showing signs of exhaustion. This most seemingly anti-intellectual of genres carries its own ideological project. Before this, the musicals not only exhibited singing and dancing; they were about singing and dancing, explaining the magnitude of that experience. They not only gave the most intense pleasure to their audience but also supplied the justification for that pleasure. The pop songs of the day were the songs from the shows. With the increase in number of radio stations and the availability of portable radios recorded music became the music of the masses. With the arrival of the Beatles in 1964, Rock music exploded across the land sending other musical trends into hibernation! The occasional attempt to break out of the old moulds were unsuccessful and led nowhere. They showed inadequacies; being unmelodic and formless. With rare exceptions, audiences rarely left the theatre singing the show tu nes. Rock and roll couldnt be assimilated in a dramatic structure. The songs didnt tell a story. If rock and roll was used it would mean songs did not enhance and push the story forward, they would be separate from the story. Not until 1960 did Broadway face up to the emerging vogue. Musical theatre accepted rock music grudgingly. The eminence of the British musical has been the most significant theatre phenomenon in the world over the last twenty years. It has not only given British theatres a greatly needed financial boost but has changed popular theatre indefinitely. Never will audiences see new musicals in the style of Oklahoma!, Brigadoon and South Pacific. With these musicals there was a danger of tipping from musical into melodrama. They never throbbed with subtlety because someone was always bursting into song about how every thing was looking just swell. The musical not only wanted to sing away your troubles, but your thoughts as well. The old style musical theatre had no social conscience. Always presented in the traditional proscenium arch, the musical isolated the audience from new ideas and innovations. Due to television broadcasting daily updates on world affairs it is now impossible to believe in the benevolence of the Universe that the likes of Rodgers and Hammerstein wrote about. Todays audien ces can almost find it abhorrent. They are socially aware and informed of current affairs. Musical theatre has advanced technically, intellectually, is universally popular and overflowing with cultural relativism. From 1960 onwards, Broadway came to rely more on its directors, librettists and lyricists. The emphasis of importance being on the directors. Tom OHorgan, Gower Champion, and most of all, Bob Fosse gave the period some of its sustained achievements. These musicals are one of the most collaborative of art forms. Actors no longer had chunks of dialogue interspersed with musical interludes. The musical became seamless, with characters singing when their emotions became too overbearing for speech. The songs encouraged the musical to move forward and not stand still whilst the star sang their showstopper! Stephen Sondheim advocated the conceptual musical. He subordinated every aspect of the work to his personal vision. As a result increasing intellectualised musicals confronted audiences that had frequented the theatre as a means of escape. When a writer is responsible for the book and the lyrics - as, for example, Oscar Hammerstein and Alan Jay Lerner, were - that writer may be more able to regularly address the same concerns than a composer-lyricist can. Nonetheless, Sondheim has managed to create a body of work that is clearly of a piece, despite the fact that many of the shows that he has co-created have been projects that were brought to him by his collaborators, not ideas that he originated. Undoubtedly, part of the explanation for this is that he tends to work with writers and directors who are in tune with his worldview. Furthermore, however much Sondheim may see himself as someone who enjoys and is good at imitating another writer's style (as he stated in a conversation with Sam Mendes that was broadcast when Mendes's