The Genocide Of The United Nations - 1856 Words

Despite obvious warning signs, the early to mid-1990’s was filled with two of the most horrific genocides in human history. Both genocides: the hutu and tutsi massacre in Rwanda, and the Bosnian genocide were done under the nose of the United Nations. The first saw the Hutu’s of Rwanda kill around eight hundred thousand Tutsi people and sympathizers in 1994. Just a year later, the second genocide of this decade occurred when Bosnian Serb forces attempted to gain territory in what is now Bosnia-Herzegovina and mounted an attack in Srebrenica. This attack on Srebrenica saw nearly eight thousand Muslim Bosnians massacred and emptied into mass graves. As previously mentioned, both massacres were done with the presence of United Nations Peacekeeping Forces, yet in both instances they failed to be involved. The reasons for this failure are quite clear in both instances, yet the interesting thing lies in the accountability assigned in both cases. Both massacres are considered failures by humanitarian standards, and in a general assembly in 1999, UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan stated, If humanitarian intervention is, indeed, an unacceptable assault on sovereignty, how should we respond to a Rwanda, to a Srebrenica - to gross and systematic violations of human rights that affect every precept of our common humanity? â€Å"In the years following said massacres, only one nation was held responsible for events that transpired. This nation, the Netherlands, was tried by its own court,Show MoreRelatedGenocide The United Nations Security Council Essay2135 Words   |  9 Pages Acts of genocide have occurred for centuries even though the term genocide did not appear until the twentieth century. In 1948 the United Nations General Assembly passed a law that legally defined genocide and ruled it as an illegal act. According to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) Article II the definition of genocide is â€Å"any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious groupRead MoreRwanda Genocide: Who Is to Blame?1488 Words   |  6 PagesThe Genocide in Rwanda: Who is to Blame? By Maria Chiara Billones Lucatello February 3, 2010 International Relations Mr. Conzemius â€Å"A small boy of 11 years, was curled up in a ball of fresh flesh and blood, in his eyes was a glance of lost hope, abandonment, and defeat. He was without vision; A little girl at nine years of age, was pinned up against a tree†¦her legs apart, and she was covered in things even hell can’t imagine; excrement, urine and blood . . . in her mouth was cold fresh meat, cutRead MoreThe Ten Stages of Genocide by Gregory H. Stanton931 Words   |  4 Pages Did you know that today there are still acts of genocide happening around the world? â€Å"The Ten Stages of Genocide† is an article written by Gregory H. Stanton, the president of Genocide Watch, an organization that is fighting to end genocide. In this article, Stanton lists ten stages that will occur in a genocide, starting with the stage of classification and ending with the stage of denial. In Burma, a sovereign state, also known as Myanmar, a minority ethnic group named the Rohingya is being discriminatedRea d MoreThe Rwandan Genocide899 Words   |  4 Pageshold within them the lessons and wisdom that should be used to prevent similar disasters. The 1994 Rwandan genocide resulted in over 800, 000 deaths of the Tutsi people, at the hands of the Hutu; the genocide, and the international response to it, is a lesson about the humanitarian responsibilities, successes, and shortcomings of the United Nations. The events leading up to the Rwandan genocide began decades earlier. There has been a long history of â€Å"ethnic† tensions, though it is really a matter ofRead MoreRwanda Genocide : The First Conviction1264 Words   |  6 Pages Rwanda Genocide: The First Conviction Kaylee Schmit Ms. Sandbulte Advanced Composition January 11, 2016 Kaylee Schmit Ms. Sandbulte Advanced Composition January 11, 2016 Rwanda Genocide: The First Conviction Rwanda is a small country in Africa, made up of three ethnic groups: the Hutus, who held the majority of the population; the Tutsis were only a small portion of the population; and there were also very few Twa. All three groups spoke Kinyarwanda. There were differences in theRead MoreModern Genocide in Africa Essay928 Words   |  4 Pageshave been two instances of genocide: the 1972 mass killings of Hutus by the Tutsi-dominated government, and the 1993 mass killings of the Tutsis by the Hutu populace. Both of these events in Burundi received different levels of attention by the international community and the western media due to a lack of foreign governmental interest, political distraction, and an unwillingness to acknowledge the severity of these atrocities in Burundi. Interestingly, events of genocide occurring at times withoutRead MoreU.s. Foreign Policy : The Game Of Plausible Deniability1625 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica’s Response) The United States found itself is a precarious position. The U.S. did not want to send troops to another battle in Africa, especially after Americans were sickened seeing the naked mutilated bodies of U.S. troops being dragged through the streets of Somalia. But, the U.S. had a moral duty to act against human rights atrocities since the U.S. had adopted the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights Doctrine. The United Nations could apply pressure to the United States to act if theRead MoreHumanitarian Intervention: Calling on the United Nations for Help1065 Words   |  5 PagesHumanitarian Intervention: Calling on the United Nations for Help The United Nations is an international organization that fights for world peace, and strives to control international law, international security, economic development, social progress, and human rights. In the United Nation’s preamble, it states the organization is â€Å"determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"†¦to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom.† However, the U.NRead MoreInternational Community Is Culpable For The Rwandan Genocide1376 Words   |  6 PagesApril to June 1994, in a mere 100 days, approximately 800,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutu were murdered during the Rwandan genocide (Destexhe, 1994). The international community failed to prevent or stop this slaughter. Considering the horrific nature of this genocide and the vast number of victims, there is a question whether the international community is culpable for the Rwandan genocide; specifically, the role of its ke y players, the US, the UN, France and Belgium. I will argue that the internationalRead MoreAfter the Holocaust, Vows of Never Again are Broken Again and Again749 Words   |  3 Pagesextermination of an entire people. It was a promise brimming with resolve and unanimity, but a promise which would go on to be broken again and again. In December 1948, the then members of the United Nations General Assembly, without contention, passed the Convention on Genocide. It defined what the crime of genocide entailed and that it was an act to be prevented and its perpetrators punished. It has been 66 years since then and we have not been able to fulfill this promise - shattering its very principles

Is Globalization Diminishing The Presence Of Nationalism

Alexander Alezi Professor Hemrick ENC1101: Composition I 10 December 2014 Is Globalization Diminishing the Presence of Nationalism? As a kid I was taught to question everything and to think for myself. For that reason, I questioned how the world operates. During my time, globalization has been the major factor contributing to changes in our society. We are slowly becoming a close nit network of countries with the common goals of becoming a world superpower, financially rich, and multicultural. The modern world has seen a dramatic increase in globalization such as through the advancement in transportation, technology, and international communication which have constructed made the world society interconnected. This occurrence has caused greater unity between nations, regardless of their culture or geographical location, which has been one of mankind’s largest steps towards world peace and global relations. Supranational organizations, such as the United Nations and the World Bank, have brought many countries together in an effort to promote unity a nd stability in an uncertain, dangerous world. Globalization has even affected the economy as international markets have become connected through mergers and acquisitions of intercontinental corporations. The volatility of stock exchanges within major market continuously affects several nations as global interconnectedness continues to grow. While globalization has benefitted the world tremendously, it has also led to theShow MoreRelatedApple Inc and the World Market1851 Words   |  7 Pagesof globalization. Some of the rivals respect it a way of decimating the societies and social orders while the advocates accept that globalization has increased the financial robustness of the nations. This investigation tried to give comprehending concerning the idea of globalization, its focal points and detriments on the economies of the planet particularly on the business globe (Ahmed, 1993, pp.335-359). Discussion Globalization The most exceptionally unified definition of globalization describesRead MoreGlobalization and Cultural Identity4496 Words   |  18 Pages19/03/2003 10:40 AM Page 269 23 Globalization and Cultural Identity John Tomlinson It is fair to say that the impact of globalization in the cultural sphere has, most generally, been viewed in a pessimistic light. Typically, it has been associated with the destruction of cultural identities, victims of the accelerating encroachment of a homogenized, westernized, consumer culture. 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Indeed, the festivals slogan, One World, One Family, One Festival suggests a ruling ethos tha t is enthusiastically willing to embrace the more materialistic aspects of globalization.6 Although Dubais gaudy development projects and commercial spirit may be a curiosity for visitors, this embrace of Western-style entertainment and lifestyles has irritated some citizens.17 VVhile Dubais rulers have clearly demonstrated a willingnessRead MoreFgjf9195 Words   |  37 Pagescurrent leadership is selling out any more than previous leaders. Indeed, if the opposition leaders have ever been in power, it is likely that they have actually signed IMF agreements themselves. Note, however, that there are other reasons – besides nationalism – for certain people to oppose the IMF. IMF programs have proven to exacerbate income inequality (Pastor 1987, Garuda 2000, Vreeland 2002, 2003). So there are winners and losers under IMF programs, and the potential losers are likely to oppose theRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesyears of little significance. But there is little agreement over when the twentieth century c.e. arrived, and there were several points both before the year 2000 (the collapse of the Soviet Union, the reunification of Germany, the surge of globalization from the mid-1990s) and afterward (9/11, or the global recession of 2008) when one could quite plausibly argue that a new era had begun. A compelling case can be made for viewing the decades of the global scramble for colonies after 1870 asRead MoreTnk-Bp: Tread with Caution10644 Words   |  43 PagesThe field was one of the best-kept secrets of World War II. After World War II, as Europe rebuilt, Anglo-Iranian invested in refineries all over Europe and began selling gas in New Zealand. Middle Eastern nationalism was rapidly expanding, and Britain’s control over Iran was rapidly diminishing. In 1951 the Iranian Parliament nationalized oil operations within the country’s borders. Governments around the world boycotted Iranian oil, and within 18 months the Iranian economy was in ruins. EventuallyRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 PageseYciency is replaced by a quest for meaning. Management accounting inscriptions emerge as a way of making sense of organizational functioning— providing justiWcations to legitimate that which has taken place, creating memories of the past, thereby diminishing uncertainty, and dev eloping routines to be imitated, and to shape future interactions within organizations (Cooper et al. 1981). Within this highly ambiguous organizational context, emergent management accounting routines for action and sensemaking

Computer Security Breach Oracle Payment System

Question: Describe about the Computer Security Breach for Oracle Payment System. Answer: Part A: A computer security breach incident was reported on CNBC on 6th August, 2016 where hackers are said to have infiltrated Oracle payment system used by Micros Systems Inc. Micros use Oracle technologies and offers IT services and cloud-based solutions for hotels, food and beverage facilities and retailers. Micros have good domain reputation as they offer services across 180 countries. In the month of June, Oracle had acquired Micros Systems Inc. (Shores, 2014). Oracle acknowledged this breach and informed, the breach is due to malicious code in their payment systems which are used by many companies under hospitality and retail sectors. Micros had requested all users having access to their online support portal to reset their passwords as the malicious code is found in their legacy systems. Oracle has further informed CNBC, their cloud services, and corporate offerings were not affected, also they use encryption to store credit card data. In order to prevent further damage and recurrence, Oracle implemented extra security measures for all legacy systems used by Micros systems. The source of this breach is unknown, however, experts point the breach could have done by a cybercriminal group named Carbanak gang which was earlier involved in hacking banking systems (Balakrishnan, 2015). Initial analysis showed that the attackers have compromised Oracle Micros POS customer support portal. This portal is used by companies for processing their transactions using payment cards. The scope and size of the attack are still investigated on how attackers could have gained access to POS systems. At first, Oracle has thought the breach could be just a few computers and servers in their retail division. When new security tools were introduced by Oracle to remove the malicious infection, it was found almost 700 systems were infected. Initially, this breach was brought to notice by an Oracle Micros customer on 25th July 2016 because customers were experiencing delays in customer service. Investigations by security experts revealed the customer support portal of Oracle Micros was sending and receiving data with a server belonging to Carbanak gang. One investigation source briefed that the breach began by infecting one single system inside Oracles network and compromised more systems. The company has shown concern that it has compromised details of customers Micros portal which can be used to administer from a remote location and upload a malware to steal payment card details. This could have gained access to POS systems which are linked to cash registers at a Micros customer store. According to one fraud analyst at Gartner Inc, Oracle might have encrypted the data, but the customer devices could have been used to make the breach. POS-based malware is usually installed through a hacked remote administration tool. When the malware is loaded into the POS devices, the attackers can capture data each time a card is swiped at the cash register (KerbsOnSecurity, 2015). From the above incident, it can be seen that POS and payment card systems are an easy target because of different reasons. This is acknowledged by security experts. The payment card has a magnetic stripe which holds all information related to the customer can be divided down into three tracks or areas. Tracks one and two in a credit-card focus on payments, the data here is encrypted. In this area, attackers attempt to steal customer data using a compromising POS device because this has information related to fraudulent online purchase or counterfeit cards. Secondly, the POS architectures usually deployed are vulnerable in certain architectures. The architectures commonly used for processing transactions are store electronic payment system (EPS) Deployment model, POS EPS deployment model, Hybrid/POS Store deployment model, the payment system in gas stations and mobile payments. It is important to note that not all POS architectures ensure the same level of data protection and encryption. In some architecture, it can be found that the POS device transmits data which passes through different systems in unencrypted format. This makes data exposed and vulnerable. Due to this reason, payment care processing systems are an easy target. It is important to note that when payment data is processed in memory, it is almost impossible to secure a POS device and it can be compromised easily. Attackers make use of memory scraping technique, where a scraper malware is deployed on such systems. This scraper malware can be modified to track and target s pecific data patterns and has to ability to bypass end-point defenses like anti-virus software (Whitteker, 2014). To overcome such security breaches in future, Micros must consider certain practices on priority. The practices include implementing standard and secure system practices, applying patches to the application and system software within 48 hours and application white-listing. It is also important to reduce the number of users with administrative rights. This is because if an attacker gains administrative password, it is easy to gain access to many systems in the network. Part B: Data breach case of Anthem What was the problem? Anthem Inc. is USAs second largest health insurance company having millions of customers. According to Anthem, one person out of every nine Americans has medical insurance cover through the companys associated insurance plans. In December 2014, Anthems IT systems were breached and their database compromised. The breach was first identified in Jan 2015 by one database administrator when he experienced his administrator rights were used to run some data queries which he did not initiate but were found running under his name. Queries are run to extract data and transfer the results to another file. A few days later, an internal investigation established the fact that there are security breach and data is compromised. As soon as the company learned about the attack, it approached the FBI for a thorough investigation. The president and CEO of Anthem confirmed the attack and stated the attackers have gained access to personal information of their customers, that include numbers of social s ecurity, medical details and including salary data. The company confirmed that along with customers, employee data is also compromised. As investigations are initiated, Anthem is making use of services by Mandiant, a cyber security firm to help in this investigation and to strengthen the security of all its systems. The details of the breach were made public to all customers and employees in February 2015 (Ragan, 2015). Who were affected and how? The data breach has impacted hundreds and thousands of Anthem customers across the country. New York Times reported the breach could impact millions of customers because their database was holding over 80 million customer records. There are a variety of health insurance plans operated by Anthem under different brands that include, Anthem Blue Cross, Anthem Blue Cross and Blue Shield, Blue Shield of Georgia and Empire Blue Cross and Blue Shield (Abelson Matthew, 2015). Customers in all these schemes were impacted and in addition to data of customers availing identity protection services were also impacted. Investigation on the impact of data breach revealed that data belonging to members who are not Anthem customers are compromised because their employer offered them Anthem coverage plans. The information lost included names, date of birth, social security numbers, home address, e-mail address, job information and salary data. However, no evidence could be found to show compromise of credit card or banking information. Also, the company stated that there is no evidence to show information related to records containing medical data, test results or diagnosis code were either compromised or stolen (Anthem, 2015). How was the attack carried out? Anthem spends around $50 million annually and employs around 200 staff to ensure IT systems are secure and available. According to details of the breach, IT security experts explain that Anthem has failed in three steps that could have been implemented to prevent this attack. The three steps are: IT systems did not have multi-factor authentication for all its systems. This is a robust method of authentication and was implemented only in certain areas, leaving the rest of their IT less protected. Anthem did not have monitoring technology like intrusion detection systems which can sniff unusual flows of data within their IT network and computer systems. Their compromised database is not encrypted. The main area of vulnerability was that Anthem did not implement two layers of authentication for its employees in all the areas of the computer system, as stated by their CIO. This made it easier for hackers to gain a login and password, and using guessing game and persistence, hackers were able to capture password of database administrators. Further, since there was no multi-layer authentication required for sensitive areas in IT their systems were vulnerable to hacking. Two-way authentications are followed by many financial institutions such as banks. This practice was not practiced implemented in Anthem. As soon as the company discovered the attack, all the systems, and services that did not have two-way authentications were shut down. In addition to this vulnerability, attackers could have also exploited vulnerabilities found in Windows, Java or Adobe. Further to external attacks, insider attack is also possible because some unauthorized queries were found running with administr ator rights. On top of these gaps, Anthem invests significantly in IT in its quest to be the most trusted health care system in the country but met with an impasse (Wall, 2015). What could have been done to prevent the attack? All major enterprise organizations understand there are weaknesses in using technology. In fact, an Anthem spokesman remarked that the company uses data loss prevention technology to monitor network flows, but there was no system to detect suspicious flows. Security experts feel that it is hard to determine if the hack on Anthem was done by an insider or by an external hacking group. Symantec, an IT security solutions firm states that this attack was done by a notorious group named Black Vine based in China (O'Connoor, 2015). However, wherever the roots of this attack lies, the company could have followed certain steps to mitigate such attacks. Implementing two-factor authentication immediately on all systems Protecting all internal systems adequately Keep data secure using encryption with robust storage that will make use of decrypting keys. This can prevent an internal attack. Implement robust and in-depth multi-layer security to protect all systems and the network. In spite of these suggestions, data breaches are not fully preventable. Anthem must develop a dynamic IT security management plan to check against any malicious activity in their systems and network. References Abelson, R., Matthew, G. (2015, February 15). Millions of Anthem Customers Targeted in Cyberattack. Retrieved August 22, 201, from New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/05/business/hackers-breached-data-of-millions-insurer-says.html?_r=0 Anthem. (2015). Report on Anthem Facts. Monroe, WI: Anthem Inc. O'Connoor, F. (2015, February). Symantec: Well-heeled hacking group Black Vine behind Anthem breach. Retrieved August 22, 2016, from Computer World. IDG News Service: https://www.computerworld.com/article/2954715/security/symantec-wellheeled-hacking-group-black-vine-behind-anthem-breach.html Ragan, S. (2015, February 4). Anthem confirms data breach, but full extent remains unknown. Retrieved August 22, 2016, from CSO: https://www.csoonline.com/article/2880352/disaster-recovery/anthem-confirms-data-breach-but-full-extent-remains-unknown.html Wall, J. (2015, February). Anthem's IT system had cracks before hack. Retrieved August 22, 2016, from Indiannapolis Business Journal: https://www.ibj.com/articles/51789-anthems-it-system-had-cracks-before-hack Balakrishnan, A. (2015). Hackers infiltrate Oracle payment system. Retrieved August 21, 2016, from CNBC Cybersecurity: https://www.cnbc.com/2016/08/08/hackers-infiltrate-oracle-payment-system.html KerbsOnSecurity. (2015). Data Breach At Oracles MICROS Point-of-Sale Division. Retrieved August 21, 2016, from KerbsonSecurity. In depth news and security investigation: https://krebsonsecurity.com/2016/08/data-breach-at-oracles-micros-point-of-sale-division/ Shores, R. (2014). Oracle and MICROS Systems. Retrieved August 21, 2016, from Oracle and Micros: https://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/acquisitions/micros/index.html hitteker, W. (2014). Point of Sale systems and security. Executive Summary . Whitepaper from SANS Institute, Infosec Reading Room.

Job Satisfaction, Work Attitude free essay sample

As stated by Black (2001), teachers’ stress is rising due to such factors as greater time constraints, low salaries, excessive work overloads, lack of involvement in decision – making and problems with school disciplines. Teachers suffer, due to in part of to the low-pay-high-cost-of-living gap. Decisions handed from the top down leave teachers feeling like more trainers than educators. Teaching in low performing schools should be a rewarding experience, yet these schools are labelled failures. These are confounded as some educators are seen publicly lambasting others. The education community is on edge. With all the finger pointing and name calling, it is a wonder teacher can push this negativism out of their minds while they turn their full attention on their students (Nichols, 2006). Furthermore, a nationwide survey conducted by the Rural Editorial Service of the University of Chicago reported in July 2006 that job satisfaction depends also such factors as the community’s attitude toward them and the schools, the quality of educational leadership, the amount of responsibility granted to teachers, adequate housing facilities, teacher welfare benefits, and others. In point of fact, there were signal improvements in teachers’ conditions of service throughout the year. New or liberalized retirement plans were authorized by well over half the states, and class registrations were reduced to thirty in Maryland and Arkansas. In the Philippines, one of the major problems in the Department of Education is the shortage of trained and competent teachers. Major reason of this shortfall is that a number of trained teachers turn to other types of employment and some went abroad for greater employment opportunity. Generally, as observed that some teachers are disillusioned, demoralized and confused at being forced to carry out unpopular Government policies, while being constantly blamed for the society’s ills. Some factors might have created dissatisfaction amongst teachers will probably include references to discipline problems created by unruly pupils, class sizes, the introduction of the National Curriculum, and lowered professional status. Additional factors also include level of salaries and benefits, increased work-related pressures, like having too many forms to be filled up, the here and now changes of different proposed programs of the department, the concern over employment security like the most recently problem on the Government Security Insurance System (GSIS) and lessening support for education on the part of political opportunities. As someone who has spent many years working as a schoolteacher at the same time a School In – charge in one of the schools in Davao City, and had continually work closely with teachers especially in the schools in the interland. I have observe that some teachers are somewhat fed up with having to teach children in even larger classes, working in schools which are dilapidated, underfunded and overstretched. Taking in to account that most of these teachers are working away from their home and family and could only go home weekly, or the least once a month due to the distance of the schools they are assigned. However, districts located in the hinterland such as Paquibato, had most number of teacher applicants every year. Reason of this scenario could be the fact that many teachers are applying for transfer to the nearby schools after a one or two years of service and that applicant could be hired easily. Nevertheless, some teachers had tenured in this district up to their retirement period and some had flourished and raised their professional status and positions. The ground for conducting this study is that it is intended to shed light on what influences how teachers feel about their work and profession so that positive job-related attitudes may be cultivated. Theoretical Background The Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, a motivation theory, laid the foundation for job satisfaction theory. It is founded in the premise that goals or needs underpin by being the fundamental source of all desires. This theory explains that people seek to satisfy five specific needs in life – physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, self-esteem needs, and self-actualization. In the levels of the five basic needs, the person does not feel the second need until the demands of the first have been satisfied, nor the third until the second has been satisfied, and so on (Evan,2010). According to Hackman Oldham (2007), Frederick Herzberg’s Two factor theory (also known as Motivator Hygiene Theory) attempts to explain satisfaction and motivation in the workplace. This theory states that satisfaction and dissatisfaction are driven by different factors – motivation and hygiene factors, respectively. An employee’s motivation to work is continually related to job satisfaction of a subordinate. Motivation can be seen as an inner force that drives individuals to attain personal and organizational goals. Motivating factors are those aspects of the job that make people want to perform, and provide people with satisfaction, for example achievement in work, recognition, promotion opportunities. These motivating factors are considered to be intrinsic to the job, or the work carried out. Hygiene factors include aspects of the working environment such as pay, company policies, supervisory practices, and other working conditions. However, Path-Goal Theory contends that the leader must motivate subordinates by: (1) emphasizing the relationship between the subordinates own needs and the organizational goals; (2) clarifying and facilitating the path subordinates must take to fulfill their own needs as well as the organizations needs (google. com,2010) Another well-known job satisfaction theory is the Dispositional Theory (Jackson April 2007). Accordingly, it is a very general theory that suggests that people have innate dispositions that cause them to have tendencies toward a certain level of satisfaction, regardless of one’s job. This approach became a notable explanation of job satisfaction in light of evidence that job satisfaction tends to be stable over time and across careers and jobs. Moreover, a significant model that narrowed the scope of the Dispositional Theory was the Core Self-evaluations Model, proposed by Timothy A. Judge in 1998. Judge argued that there are four Core Self-evaluations that determine one’s disposition towards job satisfaction: self-esteem, general self-efficacy, locus of control, and neuroticism. This model states that higher levels of self-esteem (the value one places on his/her self) and general self-efficacy (the belief in one’s own competence) lead to higher work satisfaction. Having an internal locus of control (believing one has control over her\his own life, as opposed to outside forces having control) leads to higher job satisfaction. Finally, lower levels of neuroticism lead to higher job satisfaction (Wikipedia,2010). Evans (2001), gives eight stages progression for a teacher moving from a modest level of job satisfaction towards a higher level of job satisfaction towards which is helpful. These are the following: first is being aware that there is a problem. Being aware that there is an issue, and agreeing what issue is, is by far the most important aspect of seeking to change a situation. Then devising a strategy. Once they know what the issue is that they are addressing they can start work on devising a strategy to solve it. It is followed by effecting the new strategy. It means that once they have decided what to do, they have to start work on implementing this strategy. Fourth stage is awareness of having made changes work. This implies that there is excellent communication in school. Next stage is perception that this is all worthwhile. By this stage everyone needs to start feeling better about the work being undertaken. Then sixth stage is each teacher needs to feel good about his or her own contribution to the scheme of change. In this way, teachers become not only positive about the change programme, but they also see their contribution as being significant. Seventh is a sense of achievement. This comes from the feeling of a job well done. Lastly is job fulfilment and job comfort. By this stage teachers feel good about themselves and about the job and most important about their ability to affect their meaningful way. However, according to Weis, (2010) job satisfaction can also be seen within the broader context of the range of issues which affect an individuals experience of work, or their quality of working life. Job satisfaction can be understood in terms of its relationships with other key factors, such as general well-being, stress at work, control at work, home-work interface, and working conditions. Stress as defined by Hans Selye, is the non-specific response of the body to any demand made upon it. It is not nervous tension, but the wear and tear of life. Stress describes the effects of the body’s reaction to pressure. The source of stress, called stressor, may be purely physical, social, or psychological. The mind may interpret it as pleasant or unpleasant. Whatever meaning it gives, the mind sends it via two pathways. One pathway, is known as the subconscious appraisal pathway, is responsible for the physical and emotional reflexes of the body. The other pathway, responsible for voluntary actions, is used for perception, evaluation, and decision – making. In this other pathway, the individual is made aware of the environmental demands. As he perceives his situation, he interprets it according to his previous experiences, value system, self-concept, ego-strengths, attitudes and feelings. Emotions are usually aroused which in turn give color to the person’s interpretation (Fabella, 2008). According to Good Health Handbook, life and stress are interwoven with each other. It depends on how you view life and how stress affects you. Stress is a highly individual phenomenon. It is strange in its own way – because when it occurs it becomes difficult for the body and mind to adjust to the pattern of life. However, Fabella stated in his book, that stress can be minimized and channelled for growth and development, and life can be filled with joy, peace, love and security. He added accordingly, that stress- resilient people have been observed to have a specific set of attitudes toward life- an openness to change, a feeling of involvement in whatever they are doing, and a sense of control over events. He further said that man who places his entire self in the sphere of work neglecting love (family) and play (sports, hobbies, socializing, friendships) decreases his overall adaptability. If he defines his existence in terms of achievement in his work, he will find that if for external reasons (i,e. , poor health) or boredom ( loss of interest or loss of faith in his employer) his work loses meaning, then so will his life. He will become demoralized, confused, and unable to function. Mayo Clinic stated that there is a link between work approach and job satisfaction. Work is often approached from three perspectives. Usually all three perspectives are important for job satisfaction, but one is often the priority: First is, Its a job. If you approach work as a job, you focus primarily on the financial rewards. In fact, the nature of the work may hold little interest for you. Whats important is the money. If a job with more pay comes your way, youll likely move on. Next is, Its a career. If you approach work as a career, youre interested in advancement. You want to climb the career ladder as far as possible or be among the most highly regarded professionals in your field. Youre motivated by the status, prestige and power that come with the job. The third is, Its a calling. If you approach your job as a calling, you focus on the work itself. You work less for the financial gain or career advancement than for the fulfillment the work brings. One approach isnt necessarily better than the others. But it is helpful to reflect on why work if unsatisfied with the job and are ready to move on. Think about what originally drew on the current job, and whether it may be a factor in lack of job satisfaction. Additionally, the Clinic noted several ways to increase job satisfaction depending on the underlying cause of the lack of job satisfaction. One is by Improving job skills. Keeping abreast to the new strategies and techniques, and by attending seminars. Developing a new project also helps. Working on something one care about can boost confidence. Mentoring a co-worker. Once a job is mastered, it is a becoming routine. Helping a new co-worker or an intern advance his or her skills can restore the challenge and the satisfaction you desire. However, when personal abilities do not match the responsibilities, boredom will attack. Keep in mind that boredom can literally be deadly if a job involves working with machinery or caring for people, much more on dealing with children. If the mind is wandering to the point that a life or the lives of others is put in jeopardy, take action now. Stay positive. Use positive thinking to reframe thoughts about the job. Changing one’s attitude about work will not necessarily happen overnight or increase job satisfaction overnight. Stop negative thoughts. Put things in perspective. Look for the silver lining. Reframing can help find the good in a bad situation. Learn from mistakes. Failure is one of the greatest learning tools, but many people let failure defeat them. Be grateful. Gratitude can help focus on whats positive about the job.

A Review of This Essay Sample

A Review of This Essay SampleThe first part of this essay sample is a great example of the innovative and creative writing style that Martin Luther King Jr. excelled in. This essay is unique because it has a more long-winded and disciplined structure, which is difficult to achieve in a short essay.In the second part of this essay sample, the writer addresses the question of who can be effective in achieving social change. Although this particular essay is about civil rights for African Americans, the themes are applicable to other social issues.In the beginning of this essay, the writer gives credit to Janet Allan Morgan, author of the booklet 'The American Dream', which was written in 1984. The book was published by Sears, Roebuck and Co. It included thirteen pages of inspirational statements to help inspire the young and ambitious. The author wanted to stress the need for self-development in order to create success.In the second part of this essay sample, the writer discusses the i mportance of loving oneself and others. You need to develop a positive attitude and dedication to work on your weaknesses. It is important to know that each individual is capable of greatness if they are given the proper support. Attitude is also a great tool to overcome prejudice.The essay also outlines that white folks have trouble accepting the reality that their lives are affected by the different social groups, such as blacks, Latinos, Asians, and American Indians. The society does not tolerate any different lifestyle or living conditions.Although many times it is the minority or the poor who suffer the most, it's time that society recognized that there are many benefits to being a part of an integrated community. Everyone can benefit from understanding the differences that make people unique.The final essay sample in this essay sample is a good example of the social justice and racial issues that can be addressed through literature and non-fiction books. In the introduction se ction, the writer wants to address the problems that arise when there is a separation between civil and legal rights. Therefore, it is clear that his writing comes from a liberal viewpoint.The essays from this essay sample are very well written and they are not politically correct. However, they are still very relevant to today's society. These works were not published in the United States, but they can be read anywhere in the world, especially by those who follow news events.

Your Inner FIsh free essay sample

All organisms with vision do not have similar eyes. There are many groups that have similar eyes, but not every single organism have similar eyes. Since most of the picture processing happens in the brain, the function of the eye is just to capture light to carry to the brain for processing of an image. Â  Human’s camera-like eyes are similar and common to every creature with a skull. However many different types of eyes exist in other animal groups. Other eyes range from small, simple patches of cells that are specialized in capturing light to even more complicated versions of a human eyes with many layers, like eyes of flies. (150) There are basically two different types of animal eyes however; one seen in invertebrates and one in vertebrates. The main idea being that there are two different ways of increasing the surface area in eye tissue that gathers light. Invertebrates do this by having numerous folds in the eye tissue. We will write a custom essay sample on Your Inner FIsh or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However vertebrates expand the surface area of the eye tissue by having lots of tiny projections extending from the tissue. (156) However, all organisms do indeed share similar vision genes. Eyes may look the same, but the genetics that make them are the same. (157) Dispute: There are few genes dedicated to olfactory sense and they are similar in all organisms capable of detecting smell. A major breakthrough in understanding our sense of smell occurred in 1991 when Richard Axel and Linda Buck discovered the large family of genes that give us our sense of smell. (143) They discovered that there are a huge number of genes dedicated to olfactory sense. They also discovered that only three percent of our entire genome is dedicated to genes for detecting and processing different odors. For this discovery, Axel and Buck received and shared the Nobel Prize in 2004. (144) Dispute: Humans and sharks both have four gills arches as embryos, but the germ layers and arches develop into unrelated structures in each organism. Humans and sharks do both have four gill arches as embryos. However, the germ layers and arches do not develop into unrelated structures in each organism. In fact, they are extremely important and are a ‘roadmap’, so to speak, for major parts of the skull. (89) The first arch forms the jaws. The human’s first arch also forms some ear bones that sharks do not form. The second arch or gill turns into a bar of cartilage and muscle. This gill allows us to take a gulp of a drink or listen to music. This gill allows sharks to extend and retract their upper jaw to eat something. The third and fourth arches allow us to swallow and talk. They allow sharks (and fish) to move their gills. (91, 92) Dispute: Most organisms fossilize after death, so fossils in exemplary condition are easily found all over the world. Fossil sites are actually rare and there are many specifications to make a place a good fossil site. You have to find rocks that are of the right age, of the right type (which would be sedimentary rock), and well exposed. The best fossil sites have little soil cover, little vegetation, and have been subject to little human disturbances. (12) Though organisms have lived all across the world, that isn’t really a guarantee that fossils can be found just about anywhere. Also, just because you find a fossil doesn’t mean it will exactly be in perfect shape. There are fossils of animals and organisms that have been dead and buried for so long their bodies are very rarely preserved. Over ninety-nine percent of all species to ever live are now extinct, from that a very small fraction are preserved as fossils, and an even smaller fraction of that are even found at all. (3) We are lucky we can find any fossils at all, let alone fossils in good shape. Dispute: In humans, eyes and ears function independently of one another; sensation in one does not affect sensation in the other. The eyes and ears are actually connected. The easiest way to understand the connection between the two is to interfere with it. Humans do this all the time by drinking too much alcohol. Drinking too much alcohol causes the fluid in the inner ear to become less dense. This causes our brains to think that we are moving. This is how it connects with the eyes. Our brains think that we are spinning and passes this information to our eyes. This causes the eyes to twitch to one direction, usually being the right. This basically happens again the day after a night of drinking, often referenced to as a hangover. Your liver gets all the alcohol out of your bloodstream, except for the alcohol in your inner ear. The alcohol then diffuses from the gel back into the blood stream. This causes the brain to think you’re spinning again, and also causes the eye to twitch. (168)

10 Expository Essay Topics on the History of Art

10 Expository Essay Topics on the History of Art If you are writing an expository paper on art history, there are many potential topics and ideas from which to choose. Once you have your topic, it’s time to find some useful facts that you can refer to in your writing. Consider a few interesting facts below: Buddhism has been portrayed on four panels, each using artwork to tell about four miracles of Buddha. One of them is his heavy meditation to achieve enlightenment. The second piece of artwork shows Buddha under a tree meditating while attacked from all angles the by demons of Mara who stands with his sword ready. The artwork is indicative of the many demons attacking the Buddha such as his father preventing him from leaving the palace walls as well as the suffering of humans, expressed by the half animal/half human creatures and the soldiers who are struck down by the mere serenity of the Buddha. By touching the ground in this photo, he rules over Mara and shows that the earth will witness his mastery of meditation and enlightenment. Religion has always played a heavy influence in historical pieces of art that arise from Europe. And this applies not just to paintings or sculptures but to statues and music alike. The ninth century was a period when Catholic Church experimented with music as a form of art. This is where the chants and melodies began to cross one another in parallel, something that created a drone in the embellishment. This type of music became exceedingly popular in Notre Dame located in Paris and took on the name â€Å"Ars Antique† otherwise known as â€Å"old art†. Art changed significantly during the Middle Ages. Earlier it had focused on bright colors meant to draw attention from the viewer to the main characters within the artwork. The characters in question were symbolic and meant to embody love and sensuality. During the Renaissance period, contrast and shadow effects were used in tandem with lighting to draw attention to the idea that love is more than an emotional response, and that it can also be sensuality and the love of flesh. The Middle Ages focused on content and used varying artistic ideals in order to convey sacred virtues from that period whereas the Renaissance focused on secular ideas, moving away from the church and its influence over commissioned artists. Artwork during this time transitioned from displays of Biblical scenes, where lighting reflected the angelic nature of prophets or man, and instead emphasized the sensuality and stark contrast between the gender roles and the idea of love. The Middle Ages brought with them a religious movement stemming from the transitional period which is called â€Å"Modern Devotion†. This period encouraged people to read their scriptures, meditate, and seek out a personal relationship with God. But the artistic movement shifted toward Naturalism, whereby oil paintings began to resemble optimal reality as their style. In fact, the High Renaissance in Italy was responsible for influencing many of the new artists who expounded upon the compositions and themes of older generations. During the 16th century in Italy, the Late Renaissance and Mannerism were seen throughout the artwork, something that conflicted with artists throughout Europe who did not stem from Rome or enjoy the Roman influence aforementioned. Mannerism was a form of artistic technique which emphasized beautiful figures, erudite subject matter and virtuosity. Each one of their compositions was complex. This complexity was deliberate and meant to appeal to the more sophisticated taste of the existing middle class. Mannerism was synonymous with refinement, and rather than focusing on clarity or unity, these artists focused on grace and virtuoso. Beauty was redefined as artists explored unusual proportions, compositions, and figure types. Venus and Adonis is a piece of artwork which was created in 1635 and functions as a reflection on the sensuality and the detail that embodies the Baroque style. This painting is meant to focus on the themes of Adonis, the offspring of the King Cinyras of Paphos and his daughter. Because of the beautiful nature of Adonis, Venus fell in love with him, being touched by Cupid’s arrow. As the story unfolds Adonis is killed by a wild boar when he is hunting and the news of his death cause Venus to seek him out only to find the earth where his blood was spilled on sprouting anemones. The painting Venus and Adonis displays Venus nude, seated and pulling at Adonis not to go and stay with her. The blonde hair is shown in disorder, something meant to indicate her distress. And Adonis is tan, muscular, with a red tunic the color of which is indicative of his blood soon to be spilled. The Metamorphoses in this painting symbolize marital love. But beyond the love between Venus and Adonis this large painting includes themes of Deities, love, cupid, and nudity. Mars and Venus United by Love is an oil painting which presents Cupid binding Venus to Mars. In it, Venus is white, indicating her purity. She is being bound to the leg of Mars who is the god of war. This painting shows how opposites can be united in love, something which reflects upon mythology, unity in politics, unity in religion, and more, all of which can be bound together through love. The painting Mars and Venus United by Love explores the Baroque themes of sexuality by showing Mars in a satin, shimmering clock and Venus - nude. She is wearing nothing but strands of pearls in her hair and ears. Also gold on her belt and bracelets. The selection of white represents purity while the selection of gold indicates royalty, or the gods and goddesses that the two characters are. These color selections are meant to accentuate the aristocracy. Peter Paul Ruben was the painter at the end of the Protestant Reformation which took place in the Netherlands. It was during this period that sensuality, color, and movement were used to depict different themes. This artist is well known for his historical paintings, his landscapes and counter-reformation artwork. He painted in Italy, where his famous Venus and Adonis was completed. Paolo Veronese was a painter from the Renaissance period which took place from 1528 until 1588 in Italy, whose paintings became quite popular because of their colors and decorations. The painter applies even more Mannerist stylization by elaborating on architectural settings and color, specifically in his painting Mars and Venus United by Love. These facts should give you enough material to corroborate your expository essay. Don’t forget to check our set of 20 topics on Art History and the guide to writing an expository essay on the one you pick. References: Fenlon, Iain (editor) (1989).  The Renaissance: from the 1470s to the End of the 16th Century. Man Music.  2. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. (MMA) Paolo Veronese, Mars and Venus United by Love, G 609 (10. 189) Pauw-De Veen, Lydia de. Rubens and the graphic arts. In:  Connoisseur  CXCV/786 (Aug 1977). Penelope Davies, Janson’s History of Art: The Western Tradition (Upper Saddle River, NJ 2006), 469 Preziosi, Donald, ed.  The Art of Art History: A Critical Anthology: A Critical Anthology. Oxford University Press, 1998. Sherrane, Robert. â€Å"Music History 102: A Guide to Western Composers and their music†. IPL2 Organization. 2008. Sydney Freedberg, Painting in Italy, 1500-1600 (Penguin Books Ltd), 567