The Importance of Health Literacy - Free Essay Example

This study also pointed out â€Å"the importance of health literacy as a critical dimension in devising policies and intervention programs to improve health conditions of immigrant women in Taiwan, and in other host countries. Our study also demonstrates that the health literacy framework contributes a new lens for the examination of immigrant health issues† (Tsai Lee, 2016. P 73). Interpreting services have been recognized as an important tool to provide safe and effective health care for immigrant populations (Britigan et al., 2009). Studies have provided insights into the importance of professional interpreters to promote effective communication, patient comprehension and satisfaction (Karliner et al., 2007). However, few studies have examined patients’ insights into interpreter services (Karliner et al., 2007). Health literacy issues of immigrants in non-English-speaking countries have received limited attention. Current research focuses mainly on health literacy matters of immigrant groups in native English-speaking countries, for example Canada, the US, the UK and Australia (Tsai Lee, 2016). There is a need for research to explore the specific language and communication issues experienced by immigrant populations in countries where the first language is not English (Tsai Lee, 2016). Nutbeam claims that although the widely held assumption is that health literacy is ability to understand and use health information, it is really a narrow perspective. He developed a conceptual model of health literacy that comprises three levels: â€Å"functional literacy,† â€Å"interactive literacy† and â€Å"critical literacy† (Nutbeam, 2000). The primary level, functional literacy, is present in everyday settings; at this level, individuals can successfully read and write (Nutbeam, 2000). The second level is interactive literacy, in which people acquire unconventional knowledge and skills and are able to apply both to different life conditions (Nutbeam, 2000). The third and the advanced level is the critical level. At this level, individuals can critically appraise information and have control over situations (Nutbeam, 2000). Nutbeam proposed that health literacy is a powerful tool that individuals can greatly benefit from to control their health (Nutbeam, 2008). Health Seeking Behaviour (HSB). According to Mahmood, Iqbal, and Hanfil (2009), health-seeking behavior is an action taken by patients when they feel that they need to medical treatment. Jaramillo (1998) writes that health-seeking behaviour is a â€Å"multi-dimensional concept† that goes further than biomedical concerns and include cultural, social and organizational factors. Mackian, Bedri and Lovel (2004) found that health-seeking models are critical for designing social interventions aimed at empowering individuals to adopt ‘healthy choices’. Thus, in order to plan and deliver appropriate health care services, it is necessary to understand HSB (Chauhan et al., 2015). Health Care Seeking Behavior (HCSB) refers to a â€Å"decision or an action taken by an individual to maintain, attain, or regain good health and to prevent illness† (Chauhan et al., 2015, P 118). HSB is affected by multiple factors such as age, sex, type of illness, and affordability and av ailability of services (Chauhan et al., 2015). Chauhan et al. conducted a community-based descriptive study in a rural coastal area in India to evaluate HSB in a rural population (Chauhan et al., 2015). The study found that HSB determined predominantly by people’s perceptions about the quality of health care services. The study also identified factors that drove healthcare seeking behaviour among the rural population in the coastal area. These included income, type of illness, and availability and cost of services (low-cost services were more frequently accessed) (Chauhan et al., 2015). In other studies, HSB was found to be associated with various factors, for example gender of the person seeking care, area of residence, education and the health care provider (Pillai et al., 2003). In the US, poor access to health care and a lack of information may be associated with the deterioration of health among Latino immigrants (Garcà ©s, Scarinci Harrison, 2006). Factors such as low income, low education, language barriers and fear of deportation among undocumented groups have been found to keep people from seeking health care services and information (Garcà ©s, Scarinci Harrison, 2006). Latino immigrants maintain their cultural health beliefs and practises when they arrive in the US (Garcà ©s, Scarinci Harrison, 2006). The most commonly reported health practises among immigrants from Latin America were the use of herbs, chiropractic treatments, dietary supplements and home remedies (Garcà ©s, Scarinci Harrison, 2006). The immigrant Arab population in the US also reported a significant use of alternative medicine (Lazar, 2008). However, there is limited information regarding HSB of the Arab community in North America (Lazar, 2008). In the context of this study, it appears that the HSB of Arab immigrant women is influenced by diverse factors such as cultural beliefs, the perception of diseases and whether or not they have the available disposable income to access health care. For example, as seen earlier, in communities, diseases such as cancer are seen as a form of a cultural curse (Adnan et al., 1999). If a woman contracts such a disease, it becomes difficult for her to seek care as she will likely believe only traditional charms can cure her (Adnan et al., 1999). To better understand someones HSB, it is necessary to understand the culture that he or she comes from (Rought, Duaibis Hussain, 2010). Multiculturalism Canada has a long history of welcoming immigrants from around the world. However, Challenges for new immigrants is transitioning from their previous cultural practices into the host countrys culture (Adnan et al., 1999). According to Flores (2004), health issues touch on different human experiences and the migrants from diverse foreign cultures have many different experiences. Culture plays a fundamental role in the perception of health and access to health care services (Tan Li, 2016). One of the ways in which culture can be defined is â€Å"as a group of individuals who have similar attitudes, beliefs and values, both in the group and when on their own† (Tan Li, 2016, P 112). Different background languages, social norms, religions, beliefs and health care structures were found to be barriers to accessing health services for immigrants and ethnic minorities (Tan Li, 2016). Cultural diversity is a reality and a controversial issue within health care (Tan Li, 2016). In the UK, it is becoming more challenging for the National Health Service (NHS) to provide outstanding medical services because of the growing diversity of the population (Tan Li, 2016). Many culture issues complicate healthcare, among them the religious beliefs of both practitioners and patients. For example, patient rejects treatment on a religious basis and physicians’ perceptions of end-of-life care (Tan Li, 2016). Nichols, Horner and Fyfe (2015) have showed that a lack of understanding of cultural diversity influences not only the patient-physician relationship, but also the relationship between health care professionals. They found different experiences in the workplace. Some health care practitioners reported finding respect and satisfaction, whereas others reported finding negativity and discrimination (Nichols, Horner Fyfe, 2015). Health care providers from ethnic minority groups were more likely to experience delays in their career paths (Nichols, Horner Fyfe, 2015). The study also highlighted the importance of preparing and training health care providers to be able to see patients in a holistic way and focus on both biological and psychosocial aspects (Nichols, Horner Fyfe, 2015). Multiculturalism affects patients and health care providers. For example, according to Nichols, Horner and Fyfe (2015), if there is a language barrier, or if the patient feels the physician is culturally insensitive, the patient may not continue seeking health care. Some communities consider female genital mutilation to be a â€Å"rite of passage† (Amin, 2008). It is important for health care professionals to recognize cultural diversity and that their patients may have different beliefs (Nichols, Horner Fyfe, 2015). In a critique of multiculturalism in the NHS, Culley (1996) discussed the way in which health care is constructed and delivered to people from minority ethnic groups. Culley’s paper highlighted the limitations of the cultural attitude of health professionals and the impact of racism on access to quality health care. Culley pointed out large gaps in the awareness of health providers and their approaches towards the needs of people from ethnic minorities. These health workers claimed that they did not receive any training for working in multicultural settings (Culley, 1996). Pearson (1986) also argued that knowledge on culture is the most important component for enhancing quality health care. Pearson also stated that cultural variations are not disputed. What is contested, however, is the power imbalance between ethnic groups (Pearson 1986). Fruitful communication can be hindered when one providers and patients are ignorant about each other’s differences (Culley, 1996). P earson described those difference as â€Å"deviant, alien and stubborn†. Black people, for example, are not only viewed as different, but are seen as secondary and inferior, Asian- American girls are â€Å"caught between two cultures†, and Muslim women in western societies often find themselves having to defend their choice to wear a veil (Pearson 1986). Such cultural views are deeply rooted in societies and organizations and play a key role in access to quality health care by minority populations ((Pearson 1986). There is a need for research that will evaluate the complexity of different issues surrounding multiculturalism in health care from the perspective of patients and healthcare providers (Nichols, Horner Fyfe, 2015). Patients report different health care experiences. While some patients were happy and satisfied with their care, other reported discrimination, and a lack of respect for their needs and beliefs (Nichols, Horner Fyfe, 2015). It is important to build trust and have open discussions with patients, and provide more information to ensure that the patient is viewed as a person, in a pluralistic society (Nichols, Horner Fyfe, 2015, P 113). Previous Immigrant Research on Breast Cancer (approaches and issues) Qualitative methods have been widely used in the literature to address breast cancer and screening disparities among women from minority groups. An ethnography approach has been adopted in many studies in Western countries. For example, Zhao et al. (2010) applied a focused ethnographic approach to explore Chinese-born immigrant women’s beliefs about breast cancer screening and mammography in the US. They found that these women, who are highly influenced by their community, believe that the absence of signs and symptoms indicates health, which may perpetuate low screening rates.. They suggested that a community-based culturally competent health education program may be beneficial in improving Chinese-born immigrant women’s usage of health care services. However, a major weakness in this study was that the authors didn’t differentiate between Asian-born, Asian-American, and Asian immigrants, which creates confusion about the differences in cultural beliefs between these three groups. One of the issues in cross-cultural research is a lack of knowledge about the variations among subgroups (Aziza, 2014). This ignorance may lead to misunderstanding and mistrust between the researcher and the study population (Aziza, 2014). It may also lead to inaccurate conclusions regarding the cultural beliefs of different groups (Zhao et al., 2010). Research shows that Latino women with breast cancer underuse recommended follow-up chemotherapy, which reduces their survival rates (Kreling, 2008). A focused ethnography study was conducted in the US to explore how cultural beliefs and perceptions impact decision-making processes for Latino women regarding breast cancer treatment (Kreling, 2008). The amount and quality of data that have been obtained from this study allow comprehensive understanding of Latino women’s perspectives and experiences with regard to breast cancer treatment (Kreling, 2008). The outcomes from this study are expected to accelerate social change by shedding light on cultural diversity in health decision making (Kreling, 2008). However, one of the limitations of this study is the researcher’s experience. As a breast cancer survivor, Kreling’s personal experience could have influenced her interpretation and analysis of the data. Different results might emerge if this study had been conducte d by a researcher with no history of breast cancer. On the other hand, this personal experience might be beneficial as the researcher has a unique understanding of cancer patients which could positively affect the way she conducts interviews and potentially make discussions easier. It might also be easy for her to gain the study participants’ trust (Dwyer Buckle, 2009). In addressing insider-outsider issues, Ogilvie et al.(2008) proposed that when exploring immigrant health, integrating different researchers from inside and outside can produce innovative thinking. Focus group methodology was also conducted to study Emirati women’s attitudes and beliefs about breast cancer and screening in United Arab Emirates (UAE) (Abdulbari et al., 2002). The method worked well in this setting (Abdulbari et al., 2002). The study produced in-depth descriptions and rich data regarding determinants of participation in breast cancer programs, including factors that positively influence the screening practices as well as factors that discourage participation (Abdulbari et al., 2002). A critical ethnographic approach was also used to expose the social and cultural factors that affect breast cancer screening practices of Arab Muslim women in Qatar (Hwang et al., 2015). Beliefs about health and illness, religious practises and gender relations were the main themes identified (Hwang et al., 2015). The study also showed that Arab Muslim women’s health attitudes cannot be recognized in isolation from their sociocultural context (Hwang et al., 2015). In ad dition, interventions to address poor participation in breast cancer screening services must address the context and not be narrowed to the individual (Hwang et al., 2015). Abdulbari shares a language with the study population, which was not the case in the Hwang study. This brings us to issues of language differences in conducting cross-cultural health research. Research participants are usually more comfortable, more informative and more accurate when using their native language, and sometimes researchers know little or nothing about their language (Ogilvie, Burgess-Pinto, Caufield, 2008). Similarly, a researcher who is familiar with the participant’s native language is more capable of building rapport (Dwyer Buckle, 2009). Sometimes the researcher can be the translator if he/she is fluent in the language of the study participants (Ogilvie et al., 2008). Different methods have been suggested to overcome language differences in immigrant health research. Yang (2015) discus sed in depth several methods that other researchers used to collect data. Among these methods were back-translating and hiring bilingual interviewers. Yang also examined the limitations of these methods and explained how to overcome them. The community-based participatory approach has been adopted in many studies. For example in Dallas, Texas, a community based-participatory study to reduce breast cancer inequalities among low-income African American women was conducted (Cardarelli1 et al., 2011). This project was successful in enhancing knowledge, improving uptake of mammography and breast self-examination, and increasing the community’s capacity for prevention and sustainability of the program (Cardarelli1 et al., 2011). Another community-based intervention in the US was conducted to improve the use of breast cancer screening among underserved African-American women (Electra et al., 1999). Results of this project showed that the percentage of women reporting regular use of mammography increased in the intervention city (Electra et al., 1999). Different approaches were applied in the intervention city, including clinic in-reach (e.g., in-service meetings and counselling) and community outreach strategies (e.g. , lectures, media and events) (Electra et al., 1999). The outcomes from this study showed that screening rates in underserved groups can be enhanced by using a multidimensional intervention (Electra et al., 1999). Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is a collaborative process to empower and improve the health of a community (Springett, 2017). In Canada, community-based participatory research is a phrase that refers to participatory health research studies (Springett, 2017). CBPR is a partnership approach to research that engages different partners (e.g., community individuals with common issues or goals, research, and expertise), and each partner’s skills and knowledge should be valued and respected (Minkler Wallerstein, 2008; Israel, Schulz, Parker, Becker, Allen, Guzman, 2008; Springett, 2017). The interest in this approach is growing in Canada, particularly in aboriginal health research (Springett, 2017). Yang (2015) argued that this approach can productively l ead immigrant health research even though there is a deficiency in the related literature. Khalema and Shankar reported that community-based participatory approach can not only contribute health promotion knowledge transfer in immigrant health research, but can acts as an intervention for community change, as it emphasises the need for community engagement in immigrant health promotion research (Khalema Shankar, 2009). However, community-based participatory research is time- and resource- consuming. For these reasons, I did not adopt this approach for this study. In summary, the literature has revealed the significant gaps in existing research. Society views the meaning of health as subjective. Different groups and MENA, in particular, have different definitions of health. Few people take an interest in understanding these differences. It is clear in this chapter that there is a significant relationship between health care services and HSB, multiculturalism, individual perceptions of the meaning of health and the utilization of and access to quality healthcare. Much needs to be done in the province , as little research has been done in the communities where immigrants settle. Moreover, the cultural practices of immigrants are seen to highly impact HSB and the utilization of health care services. It is therefore of importance to understand these cultural practices to incorporate them or be able to understand the immigrants points of view in regards to HSB.

The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll Mr. Hyde - 1200 Words

The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll Mr. Hyde Author Biography: Robert Louis Stevenson Robert Louis Stevenson was born on November 13th, 1850 to (father) Thomas Stevenson and (mother) Margaret Isabella Balfour. Stevenson grew up in Edinburgh. At the age of 17, he enrolled at Edinburgh University where he planned on studying engineering. He instead took courses to study law, and passed all of them in 1875, but he later abandoned this because he wanted to be a writer. His first published work was an essay entitled â€Å"Roads.† Stevenson met his wife, Fanny, in 1876 after traveling out to America. He was twenty-five and she was thirty-six, separated from her husband, and had two children. They married in 1880, which brought a conclusion to†¦show more content†¦At first, Hyde doesnt really show his face. Hes smaller than Jekyll is in size and hes symbolic of the inner evil in Dr. Jekyll. Dr. Lanyon: Hastie Lanyon is an old friend of Henry Jekylls and Gabriel Uttersons. He is also a doctor, but just a medical doctor rather than a scientist. He was the one to break off with Jekylls friendship. Eventually he becomes ill and dies in less than a single fortnight. Social Context Back in Victorian England, it was popular to send letters to one another like Jekyll sent to Utterson in the novel. Also, by 1800, England was known as the â€Å"center of European suicide† because of the amount of suicides occurring at that time, and this seemed to some what influence the suicide of Henry Jekyll. This novel was also written during the industrial revolution, so the science and technology influences are noticeable throughout the story. The Victorian Era is also described as a time of contradictions to some historians, and that is truly seen in the novel through the contrasting Hyde and Jekyll, and also some of the characters personalities (see Utterson in the character list). â€Å"Gothic† (possessing supernatural aspects in the literature) writing was very avid back then. Edward Hyde is among some of the most popular fictional characters of the era such as Sherlock Holmes and Dracula. Themes and Symblos Doors: When the novel begins, Utterson and Enfield are discussingShow MoreRelatedThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1675 Words   |  7 PagesThe Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essay Robert Louis Stevenson’s novella, â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde,† is a type of Gothic literature. In the beginning of the story when Stevenson is describing the lawyer, one â€Å"Mr. Utterson,† the mood is a bit dull. At first glance the reader may think that this story would be a bit boring and drab. Stevenson’s story is far from being another dull piece of British English literature. The setting and mood of this novella are more complexRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1440 Words   |  6 Pagescomplexity of human nature in his books, especially in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, and Kidnapped. The former is about a lawyer named Mr. Utterson seeking out the truth of Dr. Jekyll’s very strange will. He finds out that Jekyll was transforming himself into Mr. Hyde so that he could have the freedom to do whatever he wanted no matter how evil. By the time Utterson finds all this out and findsJekyll, he is too late and Jekyll has already killed himself. The latter is about David BalfourRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1196 Words   |  5 Pageswhich do let control you? The good or evil? This was a question that Dr. Jekyll from the book, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, could not answer. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a book about a man who cannot control the two sides of himself, causing him to do terrible things and not even be aware of it. The theme of this book is good versus evil. Dr. Jekyll is fighting his evil side, known as Mr. Hyde, throughout the book. Some people believe that the book’s theme hasRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde938 Words   |  4 PagesVictorian Hopes and Fears Involving Science as Found in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde During the Victorian Era there was a great race to use science to alleviate the suffering of the ill, specifically for those patients who were suffering from ailments of the mind. While some of the methods used to diagnose and treat such afflictions would be considered barbaric in nature by today’s standards, they were considered cutting edge medical science during the time of the Victorian Era. It was also consideredRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1505 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the latter portion of the nineteenth century, Robert Louis Stevenson published his novella, The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The fin de sià ¨cle saw the rise of different thoughts and ideas surrounding science and society. These concepts and interpretations sparked the discourse surrounding the theory of degeneration; which was the concern that civilization would fall to a lower state of being. This chapter will be reading multiplex personality as a manifestation of th is broader culturalRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde Essay975 Words   |  4 PagesStevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a novella that follows the basic outline established by Mary Shelley in Frankenstein. However, Stevenson’s monster is not created from body parts but comes from the dark side of the human personality. In both novels, a man conducts a secret experiment that gets out of control. The result of these experiments is the release of a double, or doppelganger, which causes damage to their creator. While most people think that The Strange Case of Dr. JekyllRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1290 Words   |  6 PagesThe novella The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll Mr. Hyde took place throughout the time period of prosperity, when Queen Victoria came to the throne in 1837, due to the expansion of the British Empire and the industrial revolution. Because of this, Great Britain had become primarily the world s most powerful superpower. In spite of Queen Victoria becoming a powerful leader, the social morality changed from rationalism to romanticism, which in turn transformed the society of art, literature, politicsRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1012 Words   |  5 PagesRobert Louis Stevenson’s â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† is a classic Victorian tale of good and evil. The novel tells the story of Dr. Henry Jekyll, a respected scientist who so desperately needs to separate his morality from his self-indulgence. Aware of the evil side of his own being, he seeks to be free of it through scientific experiments resulting into the â€Å"bestial† Mr. Hyde. It’s a simple tale about the good and evil that exist in all of us. Through his brilliance, StevensonRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde964 Words   |  4 PagesThe Strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, written by Robert Louis Stevenson was published in 1886. The story is published during the Victorian era, the Victorian era was an age of repression, there was no violence, no sexual appetite, and there was no great expression or emotion. In the story, Dr. Jekyll creates a potion that turns him into Mr. Hyde, Mr. Hyde is the complete opposite of what people are in the Victorian era. At first, Dr. Jekyll is in control of Mr. Hyde, but towards the end MrRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1739 Words   |  7 Pagesnovel â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde† by Robert Louis Stevenson, the novel â€Å"Frankenstein† by Mary Shelley, the short story â€Å"The Monkey’s Paw† by W.W Jacobs and the short story â€Å"Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. These four texts convey this theme through the use of gothic conventions such as death, madness and darkness. In the novels The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson and Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, Frankenstein and Dr. Jekyll are wrongly

Procrastination And Its Effects On Students - 1300 Words

Everyday students procrastinate. This is not something new, however. Procrastination is a behavior that started a long time ago. It is a phenomenon as old as the universe. Most students are seen procrastinating every day. Zarick Stonebraker (2009) conducted a survey among students. They wrote: As expected, the effects of procrastination are widespread. Only a single student claimed â€Å"never† to be affected by procrastination in any of the three categories and 42 percent admitted that they â€Å"usually† or â€Å"always† were affected in at least one of the three. About one-third admitted that the quality of their papers/projects usually or always suffered, and one-fourth said the same about their exams. Only about 5 percent of respondents usually or always turned assignments in late as a result of procrastination. (p. 212) This survey shows the majority of students realize and admit their procrastination. The causes of this common behavior are due to increasing advancements in technology, work ethic, stress, and time management skills. Advancements in technology are creating distractions for students. Students are prioritizing their time with things such as smartphones, tablets, laptops, and Netflix. Instead of directing their attention to current assignments, projects, and tests, they are focusing more on the latest app or device. These distractions are taking student’s time and attention away from their schoolwork along with other chores and obligations. Some schoolsShow MoreRelatedNegative Effects Of Procrastination On College Students1055 Words   |  5 PagesProcrastination is something we all must face in life. However, it effects college students the most. It is the practice of doing more pleasurable things in place of less pleasurable ones. For instance, being on the internet rathe r than typing a paper, shopping before paying your bills, or turning work in before the deadline. Therefore, you can kind of see how procrastination can affect college students academically, because younger students procrastinate the most. Procrastination has a negativeRead MoreThe Negative Effect of Procrastination on College Students858 Words   |  4 PagesProcrastination is a tendency to postpone, put off, delay, reschedule, take a rain check on, put on ice, hold off, or to defer what is necessary to reach a particular goal.(Rogets 21st Century Thesaurus, Third Edition. Philip Lief Group 2009.) While attending College some students find it hard to juggle work, family, and friends. Leading most students down a dangerous path to procrastination; that negative impact affect students from their physical health, mental health, and social health. EveryoneRead MoreProcrastination, Adaptive Perfectionism, Maladaptive, And Academic Performance1066 Words   |  5 PagesThis study used a correlational design to discover the relationship between procrastination, adaptive perfectionism, maladaptive perfectionism and academic performance. Using the PPS and MPS scales hundred and twenty five undergraduate university students filled out digital surveys online in classrooms. There academic performance was measured through a test. Results suggest that procrastination has a negative effect on academic performance, whereas adaptive perfectionism has a positive one. ThoseRead MoreThe Impact of Procrastination on College Students1277 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Procrastination is the act or habit of putting tasks on hold. It is the unnecessary postponement of starting or finishing an undertaking, which eventually leads to distress (Solomon Rothblum, 1984). The intentional delay of due tasks is very common among students and lately, it has become prevalent in college settings (Rabin, Fogel Nutter-Upham, 2011). According to Semb, Glick and Spencer (1979), the level of procrastination increases as an individual stays longerRead MoreStudent Procrastination852 Words   |  4 PagesComp 1 9 Nov. 2017 Student Procrastination   Ã‚  Ã‚   Is procrastination a student’s worst enemy? Statistics show that about eighty to ninety percent of college students procrastinate, and this causes problems when it comes to their line of study or coursework. Student procrastination can negatively impact their lives by causing stress, unhappiness, and a lazy work ethic; though, there can be solutions to this problem.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Procrastination is a well-known habit of a majority of students. This mindset, whetherRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Procrastination854 Words   |  4 Pagesmost common victims of this addictive habit are students. In fact, in a poll conducted by StudyMode (a website for online learning tools) 87 percent of students surveyed said they procrastinate on school work. Yet, these people know the negative impacts of procrastination; 45 percent of them said so themselves (Klein). Still, there are many appealing reasons as to why students procrastinate, whether on school work or daily life. However, the effects such as academic misconduct or amplified stressRead MorePsychological And Physical Effects Of Procrastination Essay1746 Words   |  7 Pages The Psychology of Procrastination Marcus W. Middleton Caledonia Mumford Central School â€Æ' Abstract The psychological and physical effects of procrastination can be detrimental to the health of an individual. However this is a fixable habit that can be overcome through learning and treatment.â€Æ' Introduction In 2007, it was found that up to 95% of students in the United States procrastinated on academic tasks. Even worse, 30% to 60% of those students procrastinated regularly and 75% of themRead MoreThe Effects Of Negative Habits On College1681 Words   |  7 Pagesalcoholism, abuse of drugs, sleep deprivation, and procrastination impact minority students more than non-minority students. Many students go off to college every year and do not stay on track. They begin college with the best of intentions: go to class, excel, and eventually graduate. College is very fun, but it is also a time in your life where you have to learn what to put first, and what can wait for later. Some students such as minority students forget the reason why they go to college. 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It is known that millions of people across the world tend to procrastinate on projects, and these researchers were interested to see what causes it neurologically. The idea of procrastination is becoming a phenomenon among researchers and more and more

Morality Vs Machiavelli - 1161 Words

Socrates, however, asserts the importance of morality and ethics in a ruler, and argues that soul craft is ideal for an effective leader. Socrates contends, â€Å"Wealth does not bring goodness, but goodness brings wealth and every other blessing, both to the individual and the state† (Apology, 30b). Indeed, in opposition to Machiavelli, Socrates asserts that following one’s intuition and making decisions based on â€Å"goodness† will never lead a ruler and his state astray. Additionally, Socrates emphasizes the importance of the laws and the profound role they play in maintaining stability in society and giving human beings an avenue for socialization. Since socialization is the method by which human beings develop cultural norms and values,†¦show more content†¦However, Socrates would still reject this Prince and a political system led by him due to the fact that the Prince acquires his power from the people. Socrates would argue that, by being dishone st to his subjects, the Prince values himself over the people. He no longer has any regard for the consent of the governed. Therefore, when the Prince no longer values the consent of the governed, the social contract between the Prince and his subjects is broken. Socrates would assert that the people have a moral obligation to rise against this Prince as he no longer makes decisions that benefit the state. Socrates asserts that a ruler will experience the most self-growth and will be able to make prudent decisions for the state only through introspection and self-realization. The ruler must realize how little he knows and how little he is truly capable of. Socrates states, â€Å"The wisest of men is he who has realized, that in respect of wisdom he is really worthless† (Apology, 23b). Indeed, Socrates asserts that the wisest of men is he who realizes how little he truly knows. Thus, he must not deceive his people with falsehoods and must strive to continue learning. In essence, Socrates argues for universality and believes all of the ruler’s subjects must be provided for, even if it requires sacrifice and hardship for the ruler. As mentioned earlier, Socrates perceives the laws as parental figures who are responsible for instilling cultural and societal values in humanShow MoreRelatedCompare And Contrast Socrates And Machiavelli1419 Words   |  6 PagesSocrates vs. Mach iavelli: The meaning of truth As philosophers, both Socrates and Niccolo Machiavelli developed theories in response to the warring political environment around them. However, the theories and principles developed by the two philosophers are vastly different in regard to the concept of truth, Socrates would hate Machiavelli’s model prince due to Machiavelli’s manipulative view of truth. 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The Genocide Of The United Nations - 1856 Words

Despite obvious warning signs, the early to mid-1990’s was filled with two of the most horrific genocides in human history. Both genocides: the hutu and tutsi massacre in Rwanda, and the Bosnian genocide were done under the nose of the United Nations. The first saw the Hutu’s of Rwanda kill around eight hundred thousand Tutsi people and sympathizers in 1994. Just a year later, the second genocide of this decade occurred when Bosnian Serb forces attempted to gain territory in what is now Bosnia-Herzegovina and mounted an attack in Srebrenica. This attack on Srebrenica saw nearly eight thousand Muslim Bosnians massacred and emptied into mass graves. As previously mentioned, both massacres were done with the presence of United Nations Peacekeeping Forces, yet in both instances they failed to be involved. The reasons for this failure are quite clear in both instances, yet the interesting thing lies in the accountability assigned in both cases. 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Is Globalization Diminishing The Presence Of Nationalism

Alexander Alezi Professor Hemrick ENC1101: Composition I 10 December 2014 Is Globalization Diminishing the Presence of Nationalism? As a kid I was taught to question everything and to think for myself. For that reason, I questioned how the world operates. During my time, globalization has been the major factor contributing to changes in our society. We are slowly becoming a close nit network of countries with the common goals of becoming a world superpower, financially rich, and multicultural. The modern world has seen a dramatic increase in globalization such as through the advancement in transportation, technology, and international communication which have constructed made the world society interconnected. This occurrence has caused greater unity between nations, regardless of their culture or geographical location, which has been one of mankind’s largest steps towards world peace and global relations. Supranational organizations, such as the United Nations and the World Bank, have brought many countries together in an effort to promote unity a nd stability in an uncertain, dangerous world. Globalization has even affected the economy as international markets have become connected through mergers and acquisitions of intercontinental corporations. The volatility of stock exchanges within major market continuously affects several nations as global interconnectedness continues to grow. While globalization has benefitted the world tremendously, it has also led to theShow MoreRelatedApple Inc and the World Market1851 Words   |  7 Pagesof globalization. Some of the rivals respect it a way of decimating the societies and social orders while the advocates accept that globalization has increased the financial robustness of the nations. 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Computer Security Breach Oracle Payment System

Question: Describe about the Computer Security Breach for Oracle Payment System. Answer: Part A: A computer security breach incident was reported on CNBC on 6th August, 2016 where hackers are said to have infiltrated Oracle payment system used by Micros Systems Inc. Micros use Oracle technologies and offers IT services and cloud-based solutions for hotels, food and beverage facilities and retailers. Micros have good domain reputation as they offer services across 180 countries. In the month of June, Oracle had acquired Micros Systems Inc. (Shores, 2014). Oracle acknowledged this breach and informed, the breach is due to malicious code in their payment systems which are used by many companies under hospitality and retail sectors. Micros had requested all users having access to their online support portal to reset their passwords as the malicious code is found in their legacy systems. Oracle has further informed CNBC, their cloud services, and corporate offerings were not affected, also they use encryption to store credit card data. In order to prevent further damage and recurrence, Oracle implemented extra security measures for all legacy systems used by Micros systems. The source of this breach is unknown, however, experts point the breach could have done by a cybercriminal group named Carbanak gang which was earlier involved in hacking banking systems (Balakrishnan, 2015). Initial analysis showed that the attackers have compromised Oracle Micros POS customer support portal. This portal is used by companies for processing their transactions using payment cards. The scope and size of the attack are still investigated on how attackers could have gained access to POS systems. At first, Oracle has thought the breach could be just a few computers and servers in their retail division. When new security tools were introduced by Oracle to remove the malicious infection, it was found almost 700 systems were infected. Initially, this breach was brought to notice by an Oracle Micros customer on 25th July 2016 because customers were experiencing delays in customer service. Investigations by security experts revealed the customer support portal of Oracle Micros was sending and receiving data with a server belonging to Carbanak gang. One investigation source briefed that the breach began by infecting one single system inside Oracles network and compromised more systems. The company has shown concern that it has compromised details of customers Micros portal which can be used to administer from a remote location and upload a malware to steal payment card details. This could have gained access to POS systems which are linked to cash registers at a Micros customer store. According to one fraud analyst at Gartner Inc, Oracle might have encrypted the data, but the customer devices could have been used to make the breach. POS-based malware is usually installed through a hacked remote administration tool. When the malware is loaded into the POS devices, the attackers can capture data each time a card is swiped at the cash register (KerbsOnSecurity, 2015). From the above incident, it can be seen that POS and payment card systems are an easy target because of different reasons. This is acknowledged by security experts. The payment card has a magnetic stripe which holds all information related to the customer can be divided down into three tracks or areas. Tracks one and two in a credit-card focus on payments, the data here is encrypted. In this area, attackers attempt to steal customer data using a compromising POS device because this has information related to fraudulent online purchase or counterfeit cards. Secondly, the POS architectures usually deployed are vulnerable in certain architectures. The architectures commonly used for processing transactions are store electronic payment system (EPS) Deployment model, POS EPS deployment model, Hybrid/POS Store deployment model, the payment system in gas stations and mobile payments. It is important to note that not all POS architectures ensure the same level of data protection and encryption. In some architecture, it can be found that the POS device transmits data which passes through different systems in unencrypted format. This makes data exposed and vulnerable. Due to this reason, payment care processing systems are an easy target. It is important to note that when payment data is processed in memory, it is almost impossible to secure a POS device and it can be compromised easily. Attackers make use of memory scraping technique, where a scraper malware is deployed on such systems. This scraper malware can be modified to track and target s pecific data patterns and has to ability to bypass end-point defenses like anti-virus software (Whitteker, 2014). To overcome such security breaches in future, Micros must consider certain practices on priority. The practices include implementing standard and secure system practices, applying patches to the application and system software within 48 hours and application white-listing. It is also important to reduce the number of users with administrative rights. This is because if an attacker gains administrative password, it is easy to gain access to many systems in the network. Part B: Data breach case of Anthem What was the problem? Anthem Inc. is USAs second largest health insurance company having millions of customers. According to Anthem, one person out of every nine Americans has medical insurance cover through the companys associated insurance plans. In December 2014, Anthems IT systems were breached and their database compromised. The breach was first identified in Jan 2015 by one database administrator when he experienced his administrator rights were used to run some data queries which he did not initiate but were found running under his name. Queries are run to extract data and transfer the results to another file. A few days later, an internal investigation established the fact that there are security breach and data is compromised. As soon as the company learned about the attack, it approached the FBI for a thorough investigation. The president and CEO of Anthem confirmed the attack and stated the attackers have gained access to personal information of their customers, that include numbers of social s ecurity, medical details and including salary data. The company confirmed that along with customers, employee data is also compromised. As investigations are initiated, Anthem is making use of services by Mandiant, a cyber security firm to help in this investigation and to strengthen the security of all its systems. The details of the breach were made public to all customers and employees in February 2015 (Ragan, 2015). Who were affected and how? The data breach has impacted hundreds and thousands of Anthem customers across the country. New York Times reported the breach could impact millions of customers because their database was holding over 80 million customer records. There are a variety of health insurance plans operated by Anthem under different brands that include, Anthem Blue Cross, Anthem Blue Cross and Blue Shield, Blue Shield of Georgia and Empire Blue Cross and Blue Shield (Abelson Matthew, 2015). Customers in all these schemes were impacted and in addition to data of customers availing identity protection services were also impacted. Investigation on the impact of data breach revealed that data belonging to members who are not Anthem customers are compromised because their employer offered them Anthem coverage plans. The information lost included names, date of birth, social security numbers, home address, e-mail address, job information and salary data. However, no evidence could be found to show compromise of credit card or banking information. Also, the company stated that there is no evidence to show information related to records containing medical data, test results or diagnosis code were either compromised or stolen (Anthem, 2015). How was the attack carried out? Anthem spends around $50 million annually and employs around 200 staff to ensure IT systems are secure and available. According to details of the breach, IT security experts explain that Anthem has failed in three steps that could have been implemented to prevent this attack. The three steps are: IT systems did not have multi-factor authentication for all its systems. This is a robust method of authentication and was implemented only in certain areas, leaving the rest of their IT less protected. Anthem did not have monitoring technology like intrusion detection systems which can sniff unusual flows of data within their IT network and computer systems. Their compromised database is not encrypted. The main area of vulnerability was that Anthem did not implement two layers of authentication for its employees in all the areas of the computer system, as stated by their CIO. This made it easier for hackers to gain a login and password, and using guessing game and persistence, hackers were able to capture password of database administrators. Further, since there was no multi-layer authentication required for sensitive areas in IT their systems were vulnerable to hacking. Two-way authentications are followed by many financial institutions such as banks. This practice was not practiced implemented in Anthem. As soon as the company discovered the attack, all the systems, and services that did not have two-way authentications were shut down. In addition to this vulnerability, attackers could have also exploited vulnerabilities found in Windows, Java or Adobe. Further to external attacks, insider attack is also possible because some unauthorized queries were found running with administr ator rights. On top of these gaps, Anthem invests significantly in IT in its quest to be the most trusted health care system in the country but met with an impasse (Wall, 2015). What could have been done to prevent the attack? All major enterprise organizations understand there are weaknesses in using technology. In fact, an Anthem spokesman remarked that the company uses data loss prevention technology to monitor network flows, but there was no system to detect suspicious flows. Security experts feel that it is hard to determine if the hack on Anthem was done by an insider or by an external hacking group. Symantec, an IT security solutions firm states that this attack was done by a notorious group named Black Vine based in China (O'Connoor, 2015). However, wherever the roots of this attack lies, the company could have followed certain steps to mitigate such attacks. Implementing two-factor authentication immediately on all systems Protecting all internal systems adequately Keep data secure using encryption with robust storage that will make use of decrypting keys. This can prevent an internal attack. Implement robust and in-depth multi-layer security to protect all systems and the network. In spite of these suggestions, data breaches are not fully preventable. Anthem must develop a dynamic IT security management plan to check against any malicious activity in their systems and network. References Abelson, R., Matthew, G. (2015, February 15). Millions of Anthem Customers Targeted in Cyberattack. Retrieved August 22, 201, from New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/05/business/hackers-breached-data-of-millions-insurer-says.html?_r=0 Anthem. (2015). Report on Anthem Facts. Monroe, WI: Anthem Inc. O'Connoor, F. (2015, February). Symantec: Well-heeled hacking group Black Vine behind Anthem breach. Retrieved August 22, 2016, from Computer World. IDG News Service: https://www.computerworld.com/article/2954715/security/symantec-wellheeled-hacking-group-black-vine-behind-anthem-breach.html Ragan, S. (2015, February 4). Anthem confirms data breach, but full extent remains unknown. Retrieved August 22, 2016, from CSO: https://www.csoonline.com/article/2880352/disaster-recovery/anthem-confirms-data-breach-but-full-extent-remains-unknown.html Wall, J. (2015, February). Anthem's IT system had cracks before hack. Retrieved August 22, 2016, from Indiannapolis Business Journal: https://www.ibj.com/articles/51789-anthems-it-system-had-cracks-before-hack Balakrishnan, A. (2015). Hackers infiltrate Oracle payment system. Retrieved August 21, 2016, from CNBC Cybersecurity: https://www.cnbc.com/2016/08/08/hackers-infiltrate-oracle-payment-system.html KerbsOnSecurity. (2015). Data Breach At Oracles MICROS Point-of-Sale Division. Retrieved August 21, 2016, from KerbsonSecurity. In depth news and security investigation: https://krebsonsecurity.com/2016/08/data-breach-at-oracles-micros-point-of-sale-division/ Shores, R. (2014). Oracle and MICROS Systems. Retrieved August 21, 2016, from Oracle and Micros: https://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/acquisitions/micros/index.html hitteker, W. (2014). Point of Sale systems and security. Executive Summary . Whitepaper from SANS Institute, Infosec Reading Room.